Time-series of groundwater recharge, Tiber Riber Basin, Italy from 801 CE to the present day

Groundwater, essential for water availability, sanitation, and achieving Sustainable Development Goals, is shaped by climate dynamics and complex hydrogeological structures. Here, we provide a time-series of groundwater recharge from 801 CE to the present day in the Tiber River Basin, Italy, using historical records and hydrological modelling. Groundwater drought occurred in 36% of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (801-1249) years, 12% of the Little Ice Age (1250-1849) years, and 26% of the Modern Warming Period (1850-2020) years. Importantly, a predominant warm phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, aligned with solar maxima, coincided with prolonged dry spells during both the medieval and modern periods, inducing a reduction in recharge rates due to hydrological memory effects. This study enhances understanding of climate-water interactions, offering a comprehensive view of groundwater dynamics in central Mediterranean and highlighting the importance of the past for sustainable ...,

The dataset involves the collection of various climatic and hydrological data for the TRB, the application of Thornthwaite’s model for groundwater recharge estimation, and the development and validation of the HHydroREM historical model. The process includes calibration, delay consideration, and extensive statistical analysis to assess model performance.
The dataset focuses on the Tiber River Basin (TRB) in central Italy, covering an area of over 17,000 km2. Data for the period 1928–1974 were collected, including annual mean precipitation (P) and annual mean temperature (Tm) for the TRB. Surface runoff (Qon) data were obtained from the Annals Project, overseen by the Italian National Hydrological and Oceanographic Service. Soil-moisture storage capacity data were derived from statistical records (ISTAT, 2010).
Thornthwaite’s water balance model was chosen for estimating groundwater recharge (GWR) rates. The model requires mean areal precipitation (P), mean areal temperature (T), dire..., , # Groundwater recharge, Tiber Riber Basin, Italy

The dataset focuses on the Tiber River Basin (TRB) in central Italy and provides comprehensive information on groundwater dynamics from 801 CE to the present day. The study involves the collection of various climatic and hydrological data, including annual mean precipitation, annual mean temperature, and surface runoff, sourced from historical records and the Annals Project. The dataset employs Thornthwaite's water balance model to estimate groundwater recharge (GWR) rates in the TRB. The dataset introduces the HHydroREM historical model for groundwater recharge estimation, incorporating a non-linear multivariate regression approach. This model uses monthly storm severity index, snow severity index and Palmer Drought Severity Index data as inputs. It accounts for delayed drainage and simulates groundwater recharge patterns during dry spells and other climatic conditions.

## Description of the data and file structure

The dataset is or...