Gut microbiota metabolite IPA released by Akk ameliorates DIC by regulating PPARα-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis

AKK supplementation increased serum levels of the tryptophan metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), which binds to the cardiac aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), leading to the activation of the PPARα/PGC1α signaling pathway. These findings highlight the potential of AKK as a probiotic in mitigating DIC.