DATA_Exploring the Political Economy of Citizenship by Investment Practices Türkiye and the EU Experience.xlsx

The dynamics of economic citizenship are examined in this article, with special attention to Turkey’s citizenship by investment (CBI) programme. Selected EU cases—Malta, Cyprus, and Bulgaria—are used to offer a comparative viewpoint on this global policy issue at the nexus of migration, finance, and sovereignty. It investigates the effects of CBI programs on emerging economies using macroeconomic data from the World Bank, UNCTAD, OECD, IMF, and BIS.