Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Eswatini

Abstract
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This report presents results of the 2010 the Kingdom of Eswatini MICS, carried out by CSO in collaboration with UNICEF and other partners. Since its launch in the mid-1990s, MICS has become one of the largest sources of information on a range of indicators including child health, nutrition, water and sanitation, reproductive health, education, child protection and HIV/AIDS. The 2010 Kingdom of Eswatini MICS was implemented to assess the current situation of the Swazi population, particularly children and women, as well as to measure progress towards goals and targets emanating from international agreements: the Millennium Declaration, adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000, and the WFFC Plan of Action, adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations (UN) Special Session on Children in May 2002. Both of these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children.

The 2010 Kingdom of Eswatini MICS is based on a nationally representative sample of 5,475 households selected from 365 enumeration areas distributed in the four regions of the country. It is an important source of information for measuring progress towards targets set by these various strategic plans, as well international declarations including the MDGs, the United Nations General Assembly Special Session Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS) and others commitments.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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- individuals
- households

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all children under 5 living in the household, and all men aged 15-59 years.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The primary objective of the sample design for the 2010 Kingdom of Eswatini MICS was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the four regions of the country (Hhohho, Manzini, Shiselweni and Lubombo).

A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample. The 2006/07 Swaziland Demographic Health Survey (SDHS) collected many of the indicators in the MICS. Therefore, the results of the 2006/07 SDHS and the sample design were used as a reference in finalizing the sample design for the 2010 Swaziland MICS. In the survey, most of the indicators will be tabulated at the national level, urban and rural domains, and for the four regions as in the case of the 2006/07 SDHS.

The sampling frame for MICS comes from the recent Kingdom of Eswatini Census of Population and Housing data collected in 2007. The primary sampling units (PSUs) are the census enumeration areas (EAs). The EAs were created for the 2007 Census operations with well-defined boundaries identified on sketch maps. The number of households in an EA is based on the expected workload for one enumerator. According to the 2007 Census, the average number of households per EA is 103 (274 for rural EAs and 34 for urban EAs).

The sample size for a good household survey, such as the 2010 Kingdom of Eswatini MICS, is determined by the accuracy required for the estimates for each domain, as well as by the resource and operational constraints. The allocation of the sample EAs in each region to the rural and urban strata will be proportional to the number of households. Based on these criteria, the proposed allocation of sample EAs and households by region and rural and urban stratum results in a total sample of 365 EAs and 5,475 households.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Swaziland Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Final Report" pp.A1-A6.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The 2010 Kingdom of Eswatini MICS consists of four main questionnaires including a household questionnaire, women’s and men’s questionnaires and a questionnaire for children under age five. The survey includes information on key indicators on the following topics:

Household questionnaire: age, sex, urban vs. rural residency, household composition, education of household members, household assets, water and sanitation, use of iodized salt, use of insecticidetreated nets (ITNs), orphanhood and vulnerability of children, child labor and child discipline.

Questionnaire for children under five: birth registration, early childhood development, infant and young child feeding, care of illness (including diarrhoea and pneumonia), malaria, immunization and anthropometry.

Women’s questionnaire: child mortality, birth history, desire for last birth, maternal an newborn health, illness symptoms, contraception, unmet need, marriage/union, sexual behaviour, HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and attitudes towards domestic violence.

Men’s questionnaire: marriage/union, attitudes towards contraception, sexual behaviour, HIV/AIDS, STIs, male circumcision and attitudes towards domestic violence.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry commenced on 3 September after an initial training and ended on 17 December 2010. Data were entered on 10 computers by 10 data entry operators and two data entry supervisors using the CSPro software. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and two secondary editors complemented the efforts of entry supervisors to perform internal consistency checks. Procedures and standard programmes developed under the global MICS4 survey were adapted, based on the modified Swaziland MICS questionnaires, and used throughout the processing. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software programme, and syntax and tabulation plans developed for the global MICS4 were customized for this purpose.

Response rate
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Of the 5,475 households selected for the sample nationally, 5,074 households were found to be occupied. Of these, 4,834 households were interviewed successfully yielding a household response rate of 95 percent. Among the interviewed households, 4,956 women age 15–49 years and 4,646 men age 15–59 years were identified. Of this number, 4,688 women and 4,179 men were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 95 percent and 90 percent respectively. In addition, 2,711 children under age five were listed in the household questionnaire. Of these, questionnaires were completed for 2,647, corresponding to a response rate of 98 percent. Overall response rates of 90, 86 and 93 percent are calculated for under-five’s, women’s and men’s interviews respectively.

Responses varied slightly by residence with higher rates for women and men in rural areas than in urban areas. The situation was the reverse for children under-five where rural areas had higher response rates than urban areas. The overall response rate for women, men and children under five years in rural areas were, however, higher than in urban areas. The main reason for non-response among households and eligible individuals was the failure to find these individuals at home despite several visits to the households. Regional differentials also exist with all the regions having a 90 percent or higher response rate for all the questionnaires with the exception of Hhohho and Shiselweni regions that had 88 and 89 percent response rate, respectively, for the men’s questionnaire.

Sampling error estimates
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The sample of respondents selected in the 2010 Kingdom of Eswatini MICS is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey results.

The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators:

Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc). A standard error is the square root of the variance. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors.
Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator.
Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect, called the design factor (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.
Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistics will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (p + 2.se or p – 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design. For the calculation of sampling errors from the MICS data, the SPSS Complex Samples module has been used. The results are shown in the tables that follow. In addition to the sampling error measures described above, the tables also include weighted and unweighted counts of denominators for each indicator.

Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national total, for the regions, and for urban and rural areas. Two of the selected indicators are based on households, eight are based on household members, 21 are based on women, 19 are based on children under five and 12 are based on men. All indicators presented here are in the form of proportions.

Data appraisal
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A series of data quality tables are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

- Age distribution of household population
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
- Age distribution of under-fives in household and under-5 questionnaires
- Women's completion rates by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Men's completion rates by socio–economic characteristics of households
- Completion rates for under-5 questionnaires by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Completeness of reporting
- Completeness of information for anthropometric indicators
- Heaping in anthropometric measurements
- Observation of bednets and places for hand washing
- Observation of women's health cards
- Observation of vaccination cards
- Presence of mother in the household and the person interviewed for the under-5 questionnaire
- Selection of children age 2-14 years for the child discipline module
- School attendance by single age
- Sex ratio at birth among children ever born and living
- Births by calendar years
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months

The results of each of these data quality tables are shown in appendix D in document "Swaziland Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011 - Final Report" pp.A38-A55.

摘要
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本报告呈现了由国家统计办公室与联合国儿童基金会及其他合作伙伴合作进行的2010年斯威士兰王国多指标聚类调查（MICS）的结果。自20世纪90年代中期启动以来，MICS已成为涵盖儿童健康、营养、水资源与卫生、生殖健康、教育、儿童保护和艾滋病等众多指标信息的重要来源之一。2010年斯威士兰王国MICS旨在评估斯威士兰人口，特别是儿童和妇女的当前状况，并衡量实现源自国际协议目标（如2000年9月由所有191个联合国会员国通过的千年宣言，以及2002年5月在联合国特别会议上由189个会员国通过的《儿童权利公约行动计划》）的进展。这两项承诺均基于国际社会在1990年世界儿童峰会上的承诺。

2010年斯威士兰王国MICS基于从全国四个地区的365个普查区中选取的5,475个家庭的国家代表性样本。它是衡量实现这些不同战略计划目标以及包括千年发展目标、联合国大会特别会议关于艾滋病承诺（UNGASS）和其他承诺在内的国际宣言进展的重要信息来源。

地理覆盖范围
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全国

分析单元
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- 个人
- 家庭

总体
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调查涵盖了所有法定家庭成员（常住居民），所有15-49岁的女性，所有生活在家庭中的5岁以下儿童，以及所有15-59岁的男性。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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2010年斯威士兰王国MICS样本设计的首要目标是产生大多数指标在国家层面的统计可靠估计，包括城市和农村地区，以及国家的四个地区（霍霍、曼津尼、希谢伦尼和卢博莫）。

使用了多阶段、分层聚类抽样方法来选择调查样本。2006/07年斯威士兰人口与健康调查（SDHS）收集了MICS中的许多指标。因此，2006/07年SDHS的结果和样本设计被用作最终确定2010年斯威士兰MICS样本设计的参考。在调查中，大多数指标将与2006/07年SDHS一样，在国家层面、城市和农村领域以及四个地区进行汇总。

MICS的抽样框架来自2007年收集的最近一次斯威士兰人口与住房普查数据。一级抽样单位（PSU）是普查枚举区（EA）。这些EA是为2007年普查操作而创建的，并在草图地图上标定了明确的边界。EA中的家庭数量基于一个调查员的工作负荷。根据2007年普查，每个EA的平均家庭数为103户（农村EA为274户，城市EA为34户）。

对于此类良好的家庭调查（如2010年斯威士兰王国MICS），样本大小取决于对每个领域的估计所需精度，以及资源和操作限制。每个地区的样本EA在城乡层中的分配将与家庭数量成比例。根据这些标准，按地区和城乡层分配的样本EA和家庭的建议分配结果为总共365个EA和5,475个家庭。

抽样程序在《斯威士兰多指标聚类调查2010 - 最终报告》的第A1-A6页有更详细的描述。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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2010年斯威士兰王国MICS包括四个主要问卷，包括家庭问卷、女性和男性问卷以及5岁以下儿童问卷。调查涵盖了以下主题的关键指标信息：

家庭问卷：年龄、性别、城市与农村居住地、家庭构成、家庭成员教育、家庭资产、水资源与卫生、碘盐使用、杀虫剂处理网（ITN）使用、孤儿和儿童脆弱性、儿童劳动和儿童纪律。

5岁以下儿童问卷：出生登记、儿童早期发展、婴儿和幼儿喂养、疾病护理（包括腹泻和肺炎）、疟疾、免疫和体格测量。

女性问卷：儿童死亡率、生育史、对上次生育的愿望、母亲和新生儿健康、疾病症状、避孕、未满足的需求、婚姻/伴侣、性行为、艾滋病、性传播疾病（STIs）和对待家庭暴力的态度。

男性问卷：婚姻/伴侣、对避孕的态度、性行为、艾滋病、STIs、男性割礼和对待家庭暴力的态度。

数据清理操作
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数据输入于2010年9月3日开始，经过初步培训后于12月17日结束。10名数据录入操作员和2名数据录入监督员在10台计算机上使用CSPro软件进行数据输入。为了确保质量控制，所有问卷都进行了双录入，并有两名二级编辑协助录入监督员执行内部一致性检查。在处理过程中，根据修改后的斯威士兰MICS问卷，改编了全球MICS4调查下开发的程序和标准程序，并用于整个过程。数据使用社会科学统计软件包（SPSS）软件程序进行分析，并为该目的定制了为全球MICS4开发的语法和汇总计划。

响应率
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在全国范围内选取的5,475个样本家庭中，发现有5,074个家庭有人居住。其中，4,834个家庭成功接受了访谈，家庭响应率为95%。在受访的家庭中，确定了4,956名15-49岁的女性和4,646名15-59岁的男性。其中，4,688名女性和4,179名男性成功接受了访谈，分别产生了95%和90%的响应率。此外，家庭问卷中列出了2,711名5岁以下的儿童。其中，完成了2,647份问卷，对应98%的响应率。分别计算出的5岁以下儿童、女性和男性的访谈总体响应率为90%、86%和93%。

响应率因居住地而略有不同，农村地区的女性和男性响应率高于城市地区。对于5岁以下的儿童，情况则相反，农村地区的响应率高于城市地区。然而，农村地区女性、男性和5岁以下儿童的总体响应率仍然高于城市地区。家庭和合格个人未响应的主要原因是在多次访问家庭后未能找到这些个人。区域差异也存在，所有地区所有问卷的响应率均为90%或更高，除霍霍和希谢伦尼地区外，分别有88%和89%的男性问卷响应率。

抽样误差估计
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2010年斯威士兰王国MICS中选取的受访者样本只是从同一人口中可能选取的样本之一，使用相同的设计和规模。每个这样的样本都会产生与实际选取样本的结果略有不同的结果。抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本之间差异的一种度量。差异的程度无法确切知道，但可以从调查结果中进行统计估计。

以下附录中为每个选定的指标提供了以下抽样误差度量：

标准误差（se）：抽样误差通常以特定指标（均值、比例等）的标准误差来衡量。标准误差是方差的平方根。使用泰勒线性化方法进行标准误差的估计。

变异系数（se/r）是标准误差与指标值的比率。

设计效应（deff）是在调查中使用的抽样方法下，指标的实际方差与在简单随机抽样假设下计算的方差的比率。设计效应的平方根，称为设计因子（deft），用于显示样本设计的效率。deft值为1.0表示样本设计与简单随机样本一样高效，而deft值大于1.0表示由于使用了更复杂的样本设计而增加了标准误差。

置信区间是根据显示真实人口值可以合理假设落在的区间来计算的。对于从调查中计算出的任何给定统计量，该统计量的值将在95%的所有可能样本的相同大小和设计中，加上或减去两倍标准误差（p + 2.se或p – 2.se）的范围内。对于从MICS数据中计算抽样误差，使用了SPSS复杂样本模块。结果将在随后的表格中显示。除了上述描述的抽样误差度量外，表格还包括每个指标的分母的加权和未加权计数。

为一级感兴趣指标、国家总计、地区以及城市和农村地区计算了抽样误差。

选定的指标中有两个基于家庭，八个基于家庭成员，二十一基于女性，十九基于5岁以下儿童，十二基于男性。这里呈现的所有指标都是以比例的形式。

数据评估
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一系列数据质量表格可用于审查数据质量，包括以下内容：

- 家庭人口年龄分布
- 合格和接受访谈的女性年龄分布
- 合格和接受访谈的男性年龄分布
- 家庭和5岁以下问卷中5岁以下儿童的年龄分布
- 女性完成率按家庭社会经济特征
- 男性完成率按家庭社会经济特征
- 5岁以下问卷完成率按家庭社会经济特征
- 报告的完整性
- 人体测量指标信息的完整性
- 人体测量测量中的累积
- 观察蚊帐和洗手处
- 观察女性健康卡
- 观察疫苗接种卡
- 家庭中母亲的存在和接受5岁以下问卷访谈的人
- 选择2-14岁儿童进行儿童纪律模块
- 单一年龄的学校出席率
- 孩子出生时的性别比
- 按日历年份出生
- 报告死亡年龄按天数
- 报告死亡年龄按月份

这些数据质量表格的结果在“斯威士兰多指标聚类调查2011 - 最终报告”的附录D中展示，第A38-A55页。