Evolution of Cyber Threats: The Critical Role of Antivirus in Overcoming Current Digital Security Challenges through Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and UTAUT

Understanding the drivers of individual cybersecurity behavior has become increasingly critical in the face of escalating digital threats. This study investigates the adoption and usage of antivirus software by integrating the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The research examines the influence of eleven latent constructs on behavioral intention, protective behavior, and actual usage. Using a structured survey, 277 internet users participate in the survey. For the analysis method, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to evaluate measurement and structural models. Findings reveal that behavioral intention significantly predicts both usage and protective behavior, underscoring its central role in cybersecurity engagement. Key predictors of intention include response efficacy, performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions, while effort expectancy and perceived vulnerability showed limited explanatory power. The model explained 62.9% of the variance in behavioral intention, 56.4% in protective behavior, and 62.5% in usage behavior, demonstrating robust predictive capabilities. This study offers theoretical insights by validating the integration of PMT and UTAUT and highlights practical pathways to enhance cybersecurity compliance. Recommendations include strengthening perceptions of antivirus efficacy and threat severity while providing infrastructural support to foster secure digital habits.