PvGAP: A globally-applicable, highly-multiplexed microhaplotype amplicon panel for Plasmodium vivax

We designed a Globally-applicable Amplicon Panel for P. vivax (PvGAP), selecting targets based on both genetic diversity and genetic distance from each other to maximize discriminatory capability between geographic regions. We evaluated this panel with field samples from Ethiopia and in silico using whole genomes from the MalariaGEN Pv4 database.PvGAP has 80 high diversity targets suitable for population genomics and eight targets of specific epidemiological interest, such as putative markers of drug resistance. We demonstrate PvGAP achieves robust amplification with field data and that it clearly distinguishes samples from different locations both at a regional and global scale.ConclusionsPvGAP is ready for broad application to the genomic epidemiology of P. vivax. It will support drug resistance surveillance, discrimination of local and imported cases, and may aid in separating reinfection, recrudescence, and relapse in therapeutic efficacy studies, all critical needs of National Malaria Control Programs.