Remote Sensing Covariate Stacks for Soil Degradation Hotspot Identification Across Five European Pilot Sites

Feature description This stack contains 31 covariate features combining Sentinel-2 bare-soil reflectance, vegetation history, terrain/hydrology, Sentinel-1 radar statistics, and SoilGrids 0–30 cm soil priors. The Sentinel-2 bare-soil bands are median composites from cloud-masked observations where PVIR<0.25 BS_B2: Bare-soil median composite of Sentinel-2 B2, blue band. BS_B3: Bare-soil median composite of Sentinel-2 B3, green band. BS_B4: Bare-soil median composite of Sentinel-2 B4, red band. BS_B5: Bare-soil median composite of Sentinel-2 B5, red-edge 1 band. BS_B6: Bare-soil median composite of Sentinel-2 B6, red-edge 2 band. BS_B7: Bare-soil median composite of Sentinel-2 B7, red-edge 3 band. BS_B8: Bare-soil median composite of Sentinel-2 B8, near-infrared band. BS_B8A: Bare-soil median composite of Sentinel-2 B8A, narrow near-infrared band. BS_B11: Bare-soil median composite of Sentinel-2 B11, shortwave infrared 1 band. BS_B12: Bare-soil median composite of Sentinel-2 B12, shortwave infrared 2 band. bare_soil_count: Number of valid bare-soil Sentinel-2 observations used per pixel. NDVI_median: Median NDVI over the full Sentinel-2 time series. NDVI_stdDev: Standard deviation of NDVI over the full Sentinel-2 time series. elevation_m: Elevation from the Copernicus GLO-30 DEM. slope_deg: Terrain slope in degrees from the DEM. northness: North-south aspect component derived from terrain aspect. eastness: East-west aspect component derived from terrain aspect. TWI_MERIT_90m: Topographic Wetness Index derived from MERIT Hydro. S1_VV_median_dB: Median Sentinel-1 VV backscatter over the time period. S1_VH_median_dB: Median Sentinel-1 VH backscatter over the time period. S1_VV_stdDev_dB: Standard deviation of Sentinel-1 VV backscatter. S1_VH_stdDev_dB: Standard deviation of Sentinel-1 VH backscatter. SG_clay_0_30cm: SoilGrids weighted mean clay content for 0–30 cm. SG_sand_0_30cm: SoilGrids weighted mean sand content for 0–30 cm. SG_silt_0_30cm: SoilGrids weighted mean silt content for 0–30 cm. SG_soc_0_30cm: SoilGrids weighted mean soil organic carbon for 0–30 cm. SG_phh2o_0_30cm: SoilGrids weighted mean soil pH in water for 0–30 cm. SG_cec_0_30cm: SoilGrids weighted mean cation exchange capacity for 0–30 cm. SG_bdod_0_30cm: SoilGrids weighted mean bulk density for 0–30 cm. SG_cfvo_0_30cm: SoilGrids weighted mean coarse fragment volume for 0–30 cm. SG_nitrogen_0_30cm: SoilGrids weighted mean nitrogen content for 0–30 cm.