The importance of biotic interactions in distribution models of wild bees depends on the type of ecological relations, spatial scale and range

Studies have found that biotic information can play an important role in shaping the distribution of species even at large scales. However, results from species distribution models are not always consistent among studies, and the underlying factors that influence the importance of biotic information to distribution models, are unclear. 2. We studied wild bees and plants, and cleptoparasite bees and their hosts in the Netherlands to evaluate how the inclusion of their biotic interactions affects the performance of species distribution models. We assessed model performance through spatial block cross-validation and by comparing models with interactions to models where the interacting species were randomized. Finally, we evaluated how, (i) spatial resolution, (ii) taxonomic rank (genus or species), (iii) degree of specialization, (iv) distribution of the biotic factor, (v) bee body size and (vi) type of biotic interaction, affect the importance of biotic interactions in shaping the distrib..., , , # The importance of biotic interactions in distribution models of wild bees depends on the type of ecological relations, spatial scale and range.

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cvdncjtc2](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cvdncjtc2)

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* **Appendix text 1:** Model optimization: regularization multiplier.
* **Appendix text 2:** Details RI-SDMs.
* **Appendix text 3:** Details of the generalized linear models
* **Appendix text 4:** Detailed results evaluation measures
* **Appendix text 5:** Comparing the contribution of the biotic factor with climate, land use and soil variables
* **Appendix text 6:** Detailed results resolution and taxonomic rank
* **Appendix text 7:** References of supporting information
* **Appendix figure 1:** The effect of the resolution and taxonomic rank on the permutation importance of the biotic factor to the model, expre...