全球重大洪水灾害典型案例数据集（2018）

本报告综合考虑洪水影响范围、受灾人口及灾害损失情况等因素，选取美国弗罗伦斯飓风洪水（2018年9月）、尼日利亚尼日尔河洪水（2018年8月）及中国山东寿光洪水（2018年8月）等三个典型事件（图4-1），分析洪水灾害的发生背景、致灾因子和受灾情况，评价不同地区灾害响应机制及措施的差异，探讨不同发展水平地区的防灾减灾措施对实现联合国《2030年可持续发展目标（SDGs）》的贡献与启示。
（1）与1989—2018年相比，2018年全球洪水灾害发生次数及损失略低；2018年全球洪水灾害集中分布于亚洲南部、北美洲东部和非洲中部地区，发生时间主要集中在7月至9月。
（2）洪水防灾减灾工程措施，如修建堤坝、水库、排水渠等具有明显的防灾减灾效益，北美洲东部、亚洲东部等地区的防灾减灾设施较为完善，受洪水灾害的影响程度低于全球平均水平，而非洲中部等地区的防灾减灾设施较为匮乏，受影响程度较高。
（3）通过国际社会的共同协作，持续加强资金与技术的双重支持以健全洪水灾害的防灾、减灾、救灾体系，有助于实现联合国《2030年可持续发展目标（SDGs）》中“建造具备抵御灾害能力的基础设施”的目标。

This report selects three typical flood events (Figure 4-1): the Hurricane Florence flood in the United States (September 2018), the Niger River flood in Nigeria (August 2018), and the Shouguang flood in Shandong Province, China (August 2018), based on factors including flood impact scope, affected population and disaster losses. It analyzes the occurrence background, hazard-inducing factors and disaster-affected status of flood disasters, evaluates the differences in disaster response mechanisms and measures across regions, and discusses the contributions and implications of flood prevention and mitigation measures in regions with varying development levels for achieving the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs).
(1) Compared with the 1989–2018 period, the global number of flood disasters and associated losses in 2018 were slightly lower. In 2018, global flood disasters were concentrated in southern Asia, eastern North America and central Africa, with most events occurring between July and September.
(2) Flood prevention and mitigation engineering measures, such as constructing levees, reservoirs and drainage canals, deliver notable flood prevention and mitigation benefits. Regions like eastern North America and eastern Asia boast relatively well-developed flood prevention and mitigation facilities, with their flood impact levels lower than the global average. By contrast, regions such as central Africa have relatively scarce flood prevention and mitigation infrastructure, resulting in higher flood impact levels.
(3) Through collective cooperation of the international community, continuously strengthening dual support in terms of funding and technology to improve the flood disaster prevention, mitigation and relief system will help achieve the goal of "building disaster-resilient infrastructure" outlined in the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs).

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集聚焦2018年全球重大洪水灾害的典型案例，包括美国、尼日利亚和中国的三个事件，通过遥感监测分析灾害背景、成因和影响。数据集旨在评估不同发展水平地区的防灾减灾措施差异，并探讨其对实现联合国2030年可持续发展目标的启示，数据由北京师范大学团队基于权威数据库编制，适用于水文气象和遥感应用研究。