Metal−Metal and Metal−Ligand Bonding at a QTAIM Catastrophe: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Charge Density Study on the Alkylidyne Cluster Fe₃(μ-H)(μ-COMe)(CO)₁₀

The charge density in the tri-iron methoxymethylidyne cluster Fe3(μ-H)(μ-COMe)(CO)10 (1) has been studied experimentally at 100 K and by DFT calculations on the isolated molecule using the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM). The COMe ligand acts as a nearly symmetric bridge toward two of the Fe atoms (Fe−C = 1.8554(4), 1.8608(4) Å) but with a much longer interaction to the third Fe atom, Fe−C = 2.6762(4) Å. Complex 1 provides a classic example where topological QTAIM catastrophes render an exact structure description ambiguous. While all experimental and theoretical studies agree in finding no direct metal−metal interaction for the doubly bridged Fe−Fe vector, the chemical bonding between the Fe(CO)4 unit and the Fe2(μ-H)(μ-COMe)(CO)6 moiety in terms of conventional QTAIM descriptors is much less clear. Bond paths implying direct Fe−Fe interactions and a weak interaction between the COMe ligand and the Fe(CO)4 center are observed, depending on the experimental or theoretical density model examined. Theoretical studies using the Electron Localizability Indicator (ELI-D) suggest the metal−metal bonding is more significant, while the delocalization indices imply that both Fe−Fe bonding and Fe···Calkylidyne bonding are equally important. The source functions at various interfragment reference points are similar and highly delocalized. The potential-energy surface (PES) for the migration of the alkylidyne group from a μ2 to a semi-μ3 coordination mode has been explored by DFT calculations on 1 and the model complexes M3(μ-H)(μ-CH)(CO)10 (M = Fe, 2; Ru, 3; and Os, 4). These calculations confirm a semi-μ3 bridging mode for the alkylidyne ligand as the minimum-energy geometry for compounds 2−4 and demonstrate that, for 1, both Fe−Fe and Fe···Calkylidyne interactions are important in the cluster bonding. The PES between μ2 and semi-μ3 alkylidyne coordination for 1 is extremely soft, and the interconversion between several topological isomers is predicted to occur with almost no energy cost. Analysis of the density ρ(r) and the Laplacian of the density ▽2ρ(rb) in the methoxymethylidyne ligand is consistent with a partial π-bond character of the C−O bond, associated with an sp2 hybridization for these atoms.