Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in patients with sporadic cerebral cavernous malformations: obesity matters

Objective

To assess the influence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors on hemorrhage risk of sporadic cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs).

Methods

From 1219 consecutive CCM patients (2003-2018), adult subjects with sporadic CCM and complete MRI were included. We evaluated presence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) as mode of presentation, occurrence of ICH during follow-up and risk factors arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, nicotine abuse, and obesity (BMI>30kg/m²). Impact of risk factors on ICH at presentation was calculated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression with age- and sex-adjustment. We performed Kaplan Meier and Cox regression to analyze cumulative 5-year-risk for (re-)bleeding. 

Results

We included 682 CCM patients. The univariate logistic regression showed a significant relationship (OR=1.938, 95% CI: (1.120–3.353), p=0.018) between obesity and ICH as mode of presentation. Multivariate adjusted logistic regression confirmed significant correlation with OR=1.902 (95% CI: 1.024–3.532, p=0.042). Cox regression did not identify predictors for occurrence of (re-)hemorrhage (p>0.05; Hazard ratios: arterial hypertension 1.112 (95% CI: 0.622–1.990), diabetes 0.850 (95% CI: 0.208–3.482), hyperlipidemia 0.719 (95% CI: 0.261–1.981), nicotine abuse 1.123 (95% CI: 0.591–2.134), and obesity 0.928 (95% CI: 0.416–2.070)). 

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that obesity may be a risk factor for CCM hemorrhage. It was significantly associated with ICH as mode of presentation. Other risk factors (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and current nicotine abuse) showed no such effect. None of the factors showed to be independent predictors for cumulative 5-year-risk of (re-)bleeding.