Key properties of biochar, plant and soils.

The numbers after “±” are the standard deviations (n = 3). The symbol “−” means the property was not applicable or measured. “-Δδ” means the difference between the 13C chemical shift of 13C-benzene sorbed to biochar and neat 13C-benzene (Δδ = δsorbed benzene − δneat benzene) as an indicator of degree of aromatic condensation of biochar [21]. Inorganic C was determined by a titrimetric method [78]. “H/Corg” is the molar ratio of hydrogen and organic C. Kao = kaolinite; Sm = Smectite; Go = goethite; Hem = hematite; Gib = gibbsite; Ill = Illite; Ant = anatase; Vem = vermiculite. The symbols “***”, “**”, “*” represent more than 60%, 5−20%, and less than 5%, respectively.Key properties of biochar, plant and soils.