Ginseng nanoparticles inhibit lung cancer cell migration by direct cell surface interaction-associated mechanical stress

Consuming raw ginseng is a common practice, which allows for the intake of not only saponins but also a variety of other bioactive compounds. This suggests that biologically derived ginseng could serve as a promising avenue for developing novel ginseng-based materials. However, research on the development and efficacy of these biological materials remains limited. Overall design: In this study, we fabricated nanoparticles from fresh ginseng seeds, leaves, stems, and roots through pulverization and serial extrusion methods, thereby simulating the forms that may potentially be generated during the consumption of raw ginseng. The nanoparticles were characterized using zeta sizer and zeta potential analyses, with their morphology confirmed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The efficacy of these nanoparticles in inhibiting cell proliferation and migration was evaluated across various cancer cell lines, including lung carcinoma H1299, metastatic melanoma B16F10, breast cancer MD, and fibrosarcoma HT1080. To further elucidate the mechanisms of action, RNA sequencing and Western blotting were employed to analyze migration-related transcriptomes and proteins. The interactions between nanoparticles and cancer cells were examined using real-time holotomography.