Supplementary Online Material Table S1: Trabecular data of the hand and foot in a primate sample

Modern primates differ in their ontogenetic locomotor strategies. Given the wide spectrum of locomotor differences and phylogenetic relatedness among the hominoids Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Homo sapiens, and the cercopithecoid Macaca mulatta, this study tests the hypothesis that taxa with substantial locomotor shifts through ontogeny will show significant shifts in trabecular patterning through ontogeny. Trabecular architecture is quantified here in the capitate, third metacarpal, lateral cuneiform, and third metatarsal bones of dentally-defined age groups representing juveniles, adolescents, and adults for each taxon. Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th.) and Bone surface area/Bone volume (BS/BV) showed changes through growth across all bones and taxa, while significant changes in trabecular number (Tb.N) through ontogeny characterized the hands and feet of Pan, Gorilla, and Macaca. Degree of anisotropy (DA) partially met expectations of showing significant change in the Pan and Macaca hand and foot, though the hypothesis was supported when DA was assessed in combination with trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp.) as a potential indicator of loading uniformity. This study is the first to assess trabecular change through ontogeny in multiple bones and across several taxa, and finds that trabecular bone shifts in structural property through ontogeny in line with locomotor change in these taxa.

现代灵长类动物在个体发生过程中的运动策略存在差异。鉴于人猿类物种黑猩猩 Pan troglodytes、大猩猩 Gorilla gorilla、矮黑猩猩 Pongo pygmaeus、智人 Homo sapiens 以及狨科动物 Macaca mulatta 在运动差异和系统发育关系上的广泛谱系，本研究旨在检验以下假设：在个体发生过程中经历显著运动转变的物种，其骨小梁模式也将呈现显著的个体发生转变。本研究通过对代表各物种幼年、青少年和成年阶段的牙齿定义年龄组，在头骨、第三掌骨、外侧楔骨和第三跖骨等骨骼中量化骨小梁结构。骨小梁厚度（Tb.Th.）和骨表面积/骨体积（BS/BV）在所有骨骼和物种的生长过程中均表现出变化，而骨小梁数量（Tb.N）的显著变化则表征了 Pan、Gorilla 和 Macaca 的手和足部。各向异性度（DA）部分符合预期，在手和足部显示出显著变化，但当将 DA 与骨小梁间距（Tb.Sp.）作为潜在负荷均匀性的指标相结合进行评估时，假设得到了支持。本研究首次评估了多个骨骼和多个物种在个体发生过程中的骨小梁变化，并发现这些物种在个体发生过程中的骨小梁结构性质转变与运动变化相一致。