High resolution and high cadence time series of land surface categories, land use land cover, and land use land cover changes

A prototype of monthly, 10 m resolution land surface categories, land use land cover (LULC) cover, and LULC change maps derived from Sentinel-2 data over three areas within Belgium, Portugal, and Sicily for the period 2018-2020. The LULC and LULC change maps were independently validated by IIASA. All products were generated within the framework of the RapidAI4EO project, funded from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101004356.

The data description can be found below. The validation report of the LULC and LULC change maps can be found in validation_LULC.pdf and validation_change.pdf, respectively, and the validation dataset can be found in Lesiv et al. (2023).

Data description

Increasing the cadence of the land cover updates from the typical (multi-)annual to monthly cadence poses several challenges. First, several land cover types are difficult to discriminate without any knowledge of temporal dynamics. For instance, croplands are characterized by a dynamic of vegetation growth and a harvest period (i.e. cycles of bare soil, sparsely vegetated and vegetated periods). This contrasts with grasslands that often lack the harvest period resulting in a bare soil cover. Without this temporal information, it is difficult to distinguish a vegetated cropland field from grassland. Second, phenological changes may introduce a large intra-class variability and thus also confusion between classes. For example, the shedding of leaves during autumn or wilting of herbaceous vegetation in dry summer periods introduces spectral variability within land cover classes.

To overcome these challenges, we developed a workflow with two main phases. The first phase aims to map land surface categories (LSC) at a monthly resolution. The next phase uses the resulting monthly LSC probability time series to classify land cover.

Land surface category (LSC)

These LSC represent basic, observable bio-geophysical properties (categories) of the Earth surface that can be predicted directly from individual monthly composites. LSC classes contain a set of vegetated and non-vegetated surface categories.

Discrete LSC classification legend:

Map code

Land cover class

11

Tree (leaf-on)

12

Shrubland (leaf-on)

13

Grassland

14

Woody vegetation (leaf-off)

15

Wilted herbaceous vegetation

21

Bare/sparse vegetation

22

Water

24

Built-up

In order to predict the LSC, we trained a CatBoost model (Dorogush et al., 2018) using a DEM, spectral bands and vegetation indices, country, the timing (month) of the spectral data, and the pseudo-probability of a U-Net model trained to segment built-up surfaces as input. Labels were derived by post-processing the land cover labels of the ESA WorldCover product (Zanaga et al., 2021). Please note that the collection of these labels was suboptimal, likely having an impact on the LULC and change maps generated in the prototype.

Land use land cover

After predicting LSC over the three AOI’s, we trained a CatBoost model using the LSC probabilities over a window of one year, country, and the timing (month) as independent variable. The use of LSC probabilities over multiple months allows to incorporate information about dynamics, which is necessary to discriminate some classes (e.g. cropland and grassland or cropland and bare). Similar to the LSC labels, the LULC labels were derived from the ESA WorldCover product v100 (year 2020), resulting in a similar legend system.

The use of a moving window approach to predict LULC allows to (i) incorporate temporal information that is necessary to discriminate land cover classes and (ii) is expected to lead to more consistent land cover maps. It however has the disadvantage that (i) no land cover predictions are available at the beginning and the end of the time series and (ii) the timing of the predicted land cover change is not always accurate. To resolve these issues, we applied a post-processing step that compares and integrates the LULC predictions and cleaned LSC predictions.

Discrete LC classification legend:

Map code

Land cover class

10

Tree cover

20

Shrubland

30

Grassland

40

Cropland

50

Built-up

60

Bare/sparse vegetation

80

Permanent water bodies

90

Herbaceous wetland

Land use land cover change

Monthly change maps were finally derived from the land cover maps. The pixel values within the change maps represent the percentage of pixels that changed with respect to the previous month over an area of 90x90m. The maps contain values between 0-100, with larger values assigned to larger change patches. A value of 100 indicates that all pixels within an area of 90x90m around the pixel were flagged as change.

Files

The zip files contain the following data:

lsc.zip: land surface category maps over the three AOI’s

lc.zip: LULC maps over the three AOI’s

change.zip: change maps over the three AOI’s

These maps are generated for each month over the period 2018-2020 for each of the tiles (see tiles.gpkg for an overview of all tiles). The files names use the following naming convention: “tile-year-month.tif”.

References

Myroslava Lesiv, Halyna Bun, & Martina Duerauer. (2023). Validation data set on land cover changes for RapidAI4EO project [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7825963                                                                  

Dorogush, A. V., Ershov, V., & Gulin, A. (2018). CatBoost: gradient boosting with categorical features support. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.11363.

Zanaga, D., et al.., 2021. ESA WorldCover 10 m 2020 v100. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5571936