Light quality and spatial variability influences on seedling regeneration in Hawaiian lowland wet forests

STUDY SITES See Table 1 of corresponding publication for list of the 9 lowland wet forest sites. LIGHT QUALITY DATA COLLECTION AND SPATIAL PATTERNS At each site (n=9), we established a 20 x 80 m plot with an internal grid system measuring 5 x 5 m. This led to 85 points for data collection per site. Light quality measurements taken with a SKR 110 Red / Far-red sensor (SKYE Instruments, London, UK), at five height categories. In a few cases a fallen log or other barrier precluded sampling at a given point/height combination (n = 20 missing points). The collected R:FR light data were assigned local coordinates (x,y,z origin for each plot arbitrarily set at 100/100/0m) and imported into a GIS software program (ArcGIS Pro 3.2, ESRI, Redlands, CA). See corresponding publication for more details SEEDLING PATTERNS All woody seedlings were identified to species, and fern and grass species were grouped together as native or non-native morphospecies. See corresponding publication for details. STATISTICAL ANALYSES See corresponding publication for details.