Test of Normality of KAP Scores.

BackgroundGuideline-Directed Medical Therapy (GDMT) is central to managing ischemic heart disease (IHD), yet its implementation remains suboptimal in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Pakistan.AimThis study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of healthcare professionals (HCPs) toward GDMT and identified key barriers to its application.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among HCPs including cardiologists and clinical pharmacists using a validated questionnaire. Data was collected from Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, Pakistan using convenience sampling. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate KAP scores and their association with demographic and professional role. Statistical adjustment for multiple comparisons was done by Bonferroni correction.ResultsA total of 76 HCPs participated in the survey, comprising 42 cardiologists (55.3%) and 34 clinical pharmacists (44.7%). he overall mean knowledge score was 18.64 ± 2.02 out of 22 (84.7%). However, cardiologists (M = 19.54) scored significantly higher than clinical pharmacists (M = 17.52, p ConclusionAlthough GDMT knowledge and attitudes were generally high among Pakistani cardiologists and clinical pharmacists, reported practice remained moderate. The results underscore the need for targeted educational interventions and system-level strategies to support consistent GDMT implementation.