Genetic structure and diversity of the declining orchid Gymnadenia conopsea in Scandinavia: Implications for conservation and management

Understanding how historical versus contemporary processes shape population genetic structure and diversity is important to design effective management actions for threatened species. We genotyped 1,834 SNPs in 1,120 individuals in 110 Scandinavian populations of the declining orchid Gymnadenia conopsea, in three different habitat types, to examine if genetic structure was related to wind speed, terrain ruggedness, forest cover, and seasonality at the landscape scale, and if genetic diversity increases with census population size, and is higher in core habitats (fen and meadow) than in marginal, coastal habitats. We identified three genetic clusters and pronounced isolation by distance, consistent with two independent colonization routes after last glacial maximum, followed by admixture. Effective population size was highest in the admixed cluster. Estimates of effective migration indicated reduced gene flow along the Atlantic coast, between coastal and inland populations, and among sou..., , , # Genetic structure and diversity of the declining orchid Gymnadenia conopsea in Scandinavia: Implications for conservation and management

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5x69p8dfp](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5x69p8dfp)

## Description of the data and file structure

The data contains genotypic and ecological data from 110 Scandinavian populations of Gymnadenia conopsea. In each population, we genotyped 1834 SNPs in 11 individuals. For each population, we collected data on population size (= number of flowering individuals) and habitat type (meadow, fen, coastal), as well as geographic coordinates.

Genotypic data are found in \"clean_raw_variants1he.txt\". Each row shows the genotype for all 1834 SNPs (first SNP = G1R1LP02p002_0002945, last SNP = G3R2YP08p503_040553) for one sample (= individual), where the sample is identified in the first column (first sample = 2AR1, last sample = ZA74).

Population data are found in \"populations.txt\". Each row corresponds to one individual. Column...,