Development of niosome containing roasted coffee residue extract for antiaging preparation

Roasted coffee bean is claimed as the second most traded commodity in the world, it is used to brew coffee, the most popular and highly consumed beverage. Six million tons roasted coffee residue (RCR) was produced annually, worldwide, harmful to the environment as it decomposed in a year. Due to environment impact, it was reused as adsorbent, fertilizer, animal feed, industrial substitute and fuel. Coffee bean contains caffeine (CAF), caffeic acid (CA), chlorogenic acid (CGA), nicotinic acid (NA), trigonelline, melanoidins, protein, lipids, fiber and minerals. Coffee drink is abundant with antioxidant active compounds, higher than tea. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the utility of RCR as a sustainable and economical source of antioxidant compounds such as CA and CGA. The compounds were reported that can reverse premature skin aging and damage by reducing radical oxygen species (ROS), inhibits ROS formation and down-regulate ultra-violet (UV) induced skin damage. In this study, RCR was extracted via water decoction, ethanol maceration, and Soxhlet extraction methods, then the extracts were assayed with DPPH radical antioxidant, total phenolic content (TPC) assay and quantified its antioxidant compound by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RCR extraction in 95% ethanol Soxhlet extraction yielded higher crude extract than maceration at 3.42 ± 0.37% and 0.51 ± 0.01% (w/w), respectively. However, it was equivalent to water decoction and residue decoction extraction at 3.98 ± 0.29% and 3.84 ± 0.13%, (w/w), respectively. Contrarily, Soxhlet extraction yielded higher antioxidant activity and TPC due to higher CGA and CA compounds in its crude extract than water decoction. Water decoction extraction attained high CGA compound, but poorly extracts CA. Presumably, ethanol has a higher affinity towards dissolving and extracting phenolic compounds, thereby higher yields of phenolic contents in maceration and Soxhlet extraction. Ethanolic extract with the highest antioxidant compound from Soxhlet extraction was chosen as the candidate for product development. Topical delivery is the most suitable method to deliver antioxidant rich RCR extract directly onto the skin, and this study uses drug delivery system such as non-ionic surfactant vesicles. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles or niosome enhances solubility, bioavailability, stability, delivery, sustain release and reduces side effects of its loading agent. RCR extract was entrapped in niosome vesicle in various formulations. The vesicles were characterized for RCR extract entrapment efficiency, diameter size and appearance. Formulation which yields the highest entrapment and smallest size was preferred. Niosome was prepared using Span 60, Tween 20 non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol with heating and sonication method, which is simple, fast and inexpensive. Niosome formulations condition were varied by adjusting total niosome molar, cholesterol molar ratio, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and RCR crude extract loading agent concentration. The highest RCR extract entrapment efficiency in niosome vesicle achieved at 56.51 ± 5.21% and 4.47 ± 1.14 µm diameter size. This study proposed that an optimum formulation for high entrapment efficiency of RCR extract and micron range size vesicle can be achieved using 900 µmol total niosome material, 1:1 ratio Tween 20 and Span 60 non-ionic surfactants, 2:1 ratio non-ionic surfactant to cholesterol, 10.7 HLB, 6 mL 10 mM PBS hydration and 0.75 mg/mL RCR extract concentration. In conclusion, future improvements and enhancement of the niosome formulation preparation with the objective of higher entrapment efficiency and smaller size are possible and should be undertaken to improve RCR extract entrapment even further.