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The herringbone gear power-split transmission is widely used in high-speed and heavy-load transmission systems, and its dynamic analysis is becoming increasingly important. The characteristic sensitivity of a gear transmission system indicates the influence of the dynamic parameters on the natural frequency of the gear transmission system, and it functions as an important theoretical reference value in the dynamic design of a herringbone gear power-split transmission system. In this paper, the dynamic equations of a herringbone gear power-split transmission system for a ship are presented, and the natural frequencies and modal shapes are calculated based on the free torsional vibration differential equation. Subsequently, the modal shapes were classified into the coupling vibration model and the branch vibration model. The characteristics sensitivity was studied using modal analysis, and the characteristics sensitivity calculation equations for single and double root of natural frequency were deduced, and the characteristic sensitivity of the natural frequencies to the mesh stiffness was computed. Finally, the relationship between the modal strain energy and the characteristic sensitivity was analyzed, and the physics essence of the characteristic sensitivity was revealed.