Genome of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum

Sanyeqing (Tetrastigma hemsleyanum) is an important medicinal plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. To overcome challenges posed by its high heterozygosity and complex genetic background, we combined PacBio HiFi and Hi-C sequencing technologies to assemble the haplotype-resolved genome of Sanyeqing. The total lengths of the two haplotypes are 1.98 Gb and 2.01 Gb, respectively, each of which has been anchored onto 26 chromosomes, with scaffold N50 values of 77.75 Mb and 74.08 Mb. We found that up to 74.99% of the genome is composed of repeat sequences, and we annotated 29,331 and 30,272 protein-coding genes in the two haplotypes, respectively. Furthermore, we identified 19,003,798 SNPs, 1,384,083 insertions, 963,330 deletions, and over 350 Mb of large-scale structural variations such as inversions and translocations between the two haplotypes. This haplotype-resolved genome will be an invaluable resource for understanding the genetic diversity of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, and it will accelerate germplasm optimization and improvement of this species.