Concentrations of total phenolics and condensed tannins and the number of galls combined in each sample

Gall-forming insects induce various types of galls on their host plants by altering gene expression in host plant organs, and recent studies have been conducted for gene expression in galls. However, the evolutionary trajectories of gene expression patterns and the resulting phenotypes have not yet been studied using multiple related species. We investigated the speciation and the diversification process of galls induced by four closely-related aphid species (Hormaphidini) on a host plant species (Hamamelis japonica) by examining the phylogenetic congruence between the geographic divergences of aphids and the host plant, and by comparing their gene expression patterns and resulting phenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of aphids and the host plant showed that geographic isolation among host plant populations has interrupted gene flow in aphids and accelerated the speciation process. The concentration of phenolics and the complexity of the internal structure of galls were correlated with the..., , , # Title of Dataset

Concentrations of total phenolics and condensed tannins and the number of galls combined in each sample.

## Description of the data and file structure

variable name and description

Growth stage - growth stage of each gall sample; \"Leaf\" means the leaf of Hamamelis japonica

Species name - aphid species name of each gall sample

Site No. - the number of the site where the sample was collected

Total phenolics - concentration of total phenolics of each sample (mg/g)

Condensed tannins - concentrations of condensed tannins of each sample (mg/g)

No. of galls combined - the number of galls combined in each sample