Pleistocene dynamics of the Eurasian steppe as a driving force of evolution: Phylogenetic history of the genus Capsella (Brassicaceae)

Capsella is a model plant genus of the Brassicaceae, closely related to Arabidopsis. To disentangle its biogeographical history and intrageneric phylogenetic relationships, 282 individuals of all five currently recognised Capsella species were genotyped, using a restriction digest-based next generation sequencing method. Our analysis retrieved two main lineages within Capsella that split c. one million years ago, with western C. grandiflora and C. rubella forming a sister lineage to the eastern clade consisting of C. orientalis. The split was attributed to continuous latitudinal displacements of the Eurasian steppe belt to the south during early Pleistocene glacial cycles. During the interglacial cycles of the Late Pleistocene, hybridisation of the two lineages took place in the southwestern East European Plain, leading to the allotetraploid C. bursa-pastoris. Extant genetic variation within Capsella orientalis postdated any extensive glacial events. Ecological niche modelling showed th...