Coastal Mountains Amplified the Impacts of Orbital Forcing on East Asian Climate in the Late Cretaceous

We simulated the Cretaceous Asian climate using the Community Earth System Model version 1.2.2. In these modeling experiments, the orbital forcing and altitude of the East Asia coastal mountains are considered. Three sets of experiments are conducted with different orbital configurations. In the first set (orbA), the eccentricity of Earth’s orbit is fixed at 0 and the obliquity at 23.5°; In the second set (orbB), the eccentricity of Earth’s orbit is fixed at 0.066 (close to the max. eccentricity) and the obliquity at 24.5° with a perihelion precession. In the third set (orbC), the eccentricity of Earth’s orbit is fixed at 0.066 and the obliquity at 22.5° with an aphelion precession. For each set of experiments, three model runs were carried out with the coastal mountains of 0, 2, and 4 km high, respectively. The vertical vilocity (OMEGA, Pa/s), precipitatin (mm/day), total diabatic heating (k/day), U and V winds (m/s), moisture transport (kg/m/s), and geopotential heights (m) during summer are included here.