The mean and variance of skywave radar sea-echo power spectra

"Formulas are derived for the mean and variance of skywave radar seaecho power spectra. Evaluation of the formulas for reasonable values of the parameters leads to a normalized variance between two and three, in agreement with experiment. The variability of the ionospheric reflection coefficient leads to the greater variance for skywave sea-echo spectra over surface-wave sea-echo spectra (where the normalized variance is usually one)."