Characteristics of the populations surveyed.

Characteristics of the populations surveyed are listed in this table. For comparison, population characteristics corresponding to the Amele and Porto Velho published datasets are included. The population level data are estimated from published surveys and/or calculated as described:a. Sources for annual Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR): Bakoumba [22]; Pikine [24]; Kilifi [27]; Amele [52]; Porto Velho [53]. EIR reported as daily rates have been converted to annual rates by multiplying by 365. The Amele EIR estimate is specific to P. falciparum and excludes P. vivax infected bites.b. Sources for population (pop.) estimates: Bakoumba [54]; Pikine (2002 Census) [55]; Kilifi (extrapolation based on demographic surveillance population) [56]; Amele (1987 survey) [57]; Porto Velho (2004 Census) [58].c. Age-specific population sizes were estimated by multiplying the age-structured population frequencies by the total population size. Where the age-specific population in this study overlapped only partially with reported age groups, the proportion of overlap within the age group was used for the calculation. Country-level populations frequencies for Gabon, Kenya, and Senegal were calculated from reference [59]. For the Amele population, population frequencies were calculated from the age structure of the surveyed individuals in reference [60], reported to match the age structure of the population. For the Porto Velho, all age groups were included.d. Sources for age-specific P. falciparum (Pf) prevalence estimates: Bakoumba [61]; Pikine [24]; Kilifi (2002 estimate) [56]; Amele [62]; Porto Velho [63].e. Age-specific multiplicity of infection (MOI) estimates were derived from the following sources: Bakoumba [20]; Pikine [64] scoring multiple infections as double infections; Kilifi [65] simple average of the two sites; Amele [48] using all three markers; Porto Velho [66] using all three markers and counting multiple infections as double infections. These estimates of MOI reflect the age-range from which the samples were taken and are used to project the total circulating genomes in each population. They do not reflect the mean MOI for the study sites across all age groups.f. Estimated total number of genomes in the age-specific population was calculated as: