Model-averaged parameter estimates with lower (LCL) and upper (UCL) 95% confidence limits describing livestock depredations by wildlife in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal, 2016–2021.

Number of livestock killed was used as the response variable and total number of livestock owned, season (summer and winter), distance from the park (near: < 500 m and far: >500 m from the park boundary) were predictor variables. From which best supported model and successive models were generated and parameter estimates were averaged from all models. Significant effects are in bold.