Data from: Olfactory cues of large carnivores modify red deer behavior and browsing intensity

This study examined the effect of perceived predation risk imposed by lynx
(Lynx lynx) and wolf (Canis lupus) on red deer (Cervus elaphus) foraging
behavior under experimental conditions. We hypothesized that in response
to large carnivore scent red deer would increase their vigilance, while
reducing the frequency and duration of visits to foraging sites.
Consequently, browsing intensity on tree saplings was expected to
decrease, while a higher proportion of more preferred species was expected
to be browsed to compensate for higher foraging costs. We expected
stronger responses towards the ambush predator lynx, compared to the
cursorial predator wolf. These hypotheses were tested in a cafeteria
experiment conducted within three red deer enclosures, each containing
four experimental plots with olfactory cues of wolf, lynx, cow, and water
as control. On each plot, a camera trap was placed and browsing intensity
was measured for one consecutive week, repeated three times. Red deer
reduced their visitation duration and browsing intensity on plots with
large carnivore scent. Despite red deer showing a clear preference for
certain tree species, the presence of large carnivore scent did not change
selectivity towards different tree species. Contrary to our prediction, we
found more pronounced effects of the wolf (cursorial) compared to lynx
(ambush). This study is the first to experimentally assess the perceived
risk effects on red deer foraging behavior of large carnivores differing
in hunting modes. Our findings provide insights into the role of olfactory
cues in predator-prey interactions and how they can modify fine-scale
herbivore-plant interactions.