Bilophila wadsworthia inhibits the lifestyle intervention response in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus via L-glutamine regulation

All subjects were recruited from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was used to screen potential participants who met the inclusion criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). All recruited participants were instructed to implement lifestyle interventions (dietary regimens and aerobic exercise programs) formulated by our nutritionists. Investigators from our research group followed up with pregnant women daily via WeChat to record their dietary intake and physical activity. One-on-one interviews were conducted at baseline, 1 week, and 2 weeks to assess their compliance, using questionnaires covering diet and physical activity. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and within 24 hours after the implementation of lifestyle interventions. All samples were tested using metagenomic sequencing.