Effects of field-rate in-hive chemical treatments on honey bee biometrics.

aAccumulated analysis of deviance, Ftreatment = Ftmt. Three independent measures of colony mite level were taken (the two shown in Table 2+ mites per 100 bees recovered from strained alcohol samples) and combined by Z transformation into one covariate term Fmite.bWhen presented, mean separation groups are derived on the transformed scale, but for convenience we here show means on the back-transformed scale.cPercentage of open brood cells surviving 3 d.dTime (sec) for bees to return to nest from release site 0.5 km from nest within 30 min.eProportion of bees from a colony sample of n = 25 falling into subjective classes of “medium,” “medium high,” or “high” numbers of Nosema spp. spores.fPercentage bees exhibiting conditioned learning response in Proboscis Extension Response assay. Each bee within chemical treatment was tested in 4 successive conditioning (learning) trials with the expectation that this would discriminate earlier versus delayed learning; data for trial 1 were discarded because there was no reason to expect individuals responding at the first trial to be exhibiting a conditioned response.