Supplementary Material for: Polypharmacy and Frailty among Hemodialysis Patients

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Both polypharmacy and frailty are highly prevalent among the patients on hemodialysis and associated with adverse outcomes; however, little is known about the association between them. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We examined 337 patients enrolled in the ACTIVE/ADIPOSE dialysis cohort study between 2009 and 2011. The number of prescribed medications and frailty were assessed at baseline, 12, and 24 months. Frailty was defined based upon the Fried’s frailty phenotype. We used logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to model the association of the number of medications and frailty at baseline and over time. A competing-risk regression analysis was also used to assess the association between the number of medications and incidence of frailty. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The mean number of medications was 10 ± 5, and 94 patients (28%) were frail at baseline. Patients taking &gt;11 medications showed higher odds for frailty than the patients taking fewer than 8 medications (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.05–2.26). During the 2-year of follow-up, 87 patients developed frailty among those who were nonfrail at baseline. Compared with the patients taking fewer than 8 medications, the incidence of frailty was approximately 2-fold in those taking &gt;11 medications (sub-distribution hazard ratio 2.15, 95% CI 1.32–3.48). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Using a higher number of medications was associated with frailty and the incidence of frailty among hemodialysis patients. Minimizing polypharmacy may reduce the incidence and prevalence of frailty among dialysis patients.