Anatomical characteristics of the scar, the main pericarp and the apex of the 9 Quercus species studied here.

The scar surface ratio (SSR) and the surface area of the apex (Sa) were measured on 10 individual fruits; the area of the individual vascular bundle (Svb), the number of the vascular bundles in a scar (nvb), the vascular ratio of the scar (VBR) on 5 individual scars; and the thickness of the cuticle (δc), palisade layer (δpl), and vascularised inner pericarp layer (δvi) on 5 slices of the main pericarp. Data are means ±1SE. Values with the same letters within each column were not significantly different at p>0.05 (One-Way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD post hoc analysis).*The ratio presented as a percentage.