Plots depicting changes in bird occurrence associated with litter reduction at the patch scale via experimental removal of mistletoe.

Closed circles are means for the 11 control woodlands, open circles are means for the 17 treatment woodlands and error bars represent one standard deviation of the mean. All plots are proportional, changes in bird occurrence expressed as a function of the initial (pre-treatment) value. Three variables are evaluated—summed incidence (A, B), species richness (C, D) and resident richness (number of bird species recorded in woodlands in at least two seasons per year; E, F). Left hand plots (A, C, E) relate to all bird species recorded within the woodland fragments, distinguishing those species feeding on insects from species reliant on other foods; right hand plots (B, D, F) depict woodland-dependant birds, distinguishing ground-foraging insectivores from other woodland species (including insectivores foraging in other strata). Means of control and treatment woodlands were compared using Mann Whitney U tests (two-tailed), one asterisk for p <0.05, two for p<0.001, three for < 0.001.