EUPD Cyberball

Participants
Twenty people with borderline personality disorder were recruited from outpatient and support
services from around Edinburgh, Scotland. Diagnoses were confirmed using the Structured Clinical
Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II). Current symptoms were assessed using the Zanarini Rating Scale
for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD [1]). Adverse childhood events were assessed using
the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ [2]). Fifteen BPD participants were receiving antidepressant
medication and twelve were taking antipsychotic medication. Twenty age- and sex-matched controls
were recruited from the community, however four were excluded due to technical issues during
scanning, leaving sixteen controls. Exclusion criteria for all participants included pregnancy,
MRI contraindications, diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, previous head injury or current
illicit substance dependence. Controls met the additional criteria of no personal or familial
history of major mental illness. Ethical approval was obtained from the Lothian National
Health Service Research Ethics Committee, and all participants provided written informed
consent before taking part.

Experimental task
Participants performed the Cyberball social exclusion task [3] during functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI), adapted from a previous implementation by Kumar et al 2009 [4].
The task involves playing “catch” with two computer-controlled players, during which the
participant can be systematically included or excluded from the game. We used this task as
it assesses neural responses to social exclusion, is known to activate a range of social
brain regions [5] and is amenable to reinforcement learning modelling [4]. The task was
modified such that inclusion was varied parametrically over four levels: 0%, 33%, 66% and
100%, achieved by arranging the task into blocks of nine throws, respectively involving zero,
one, two or three throws to the participant. Here, 100% inclusion means the degree to which
the participant was included was equal to that of the other two players, with each receiving
three throws per nine-throw block. Participants were asked to imagine that the other players
were real, as exclusion by both human or simulated players has been previously reported to
be similarly distressing [6-8]. When the participant received the ball, they indicated which
computer player they wished to throw the ball to with a button press. There were four
repetitions of each inclusion level, providing 16 experimental blocks in total, with the
first block being 100% inclusion, and all subsequent blocks being randomised. Each throwing
event had a mean duration of 2700ms, with each being preceded by randomised jitter that was
in part adjusted to accommodate the participant’s reaction time from the previous trial,
when applicable. This was achieved by comparing the total duration of the previous trial,
including reaction time, with the ideal trial time of 2700ms: if this value was exceeded,
a random jitter between 0 and 1000ms was subtracted from the mean jitter time of 1500ms;
otherwise, the random jitter was added to 1500ms. Jitter therefore varied between 500ms and
2500ms. Mean block duration was 24s, with onsets denoted by the appearance of the cartoon
figures following rest, and offsets by the conclusion of the final throw animation. Blocks
were randomized, and interleaved with 13s rest blocks. Within blocks, throwing events were
jittered to permit event disambiguation for reinforcement learning analysis.

Neuroimaging
Scanning took place at the Clinical Research Imaging Centre in Edinburgh, using a 3T Siemens
Magnetom Verio scanner. Echo Planar Blood Oxygen Level Dependent images were acquired axially
with a TR 1560ms, TE 26ms, flip angle 66’, field of view 220 x 220mm, in-plane resolution
64 x 64, 26 interleaved slices, 347 volumes, resolution 3.4 x 3.4 x 5mm. A high resolution
T1 MPRAGE structural image was acquired with TR 2300ms, TE 2.98ms, flip angle 90’, field of
view 256 x 256mm, in-plane resolution 256 x 256, 160 interleaved slices, resolution 1 x 1 x 1mm.

References
1 Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, Boulanger JL, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J. Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD): a continuous measure of DSM-IV borderline psychopathology. J Pers Disord 2003; 17: 233–242
2 Bernstein DP, Fink L. Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self-report: Manual. Psychological Corporation, 1998.
3 Williams KD, Cheung CK, Choi W. Cyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the Internet. J Pers Soc Psychol 2000; 79: 748–762.
4 Kumar P, Waiter G, Ahearn TS, Milders M, Reid I, Steele JD. Frontal operculum temporal difference signals and social motor response learning. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30: 1421–1430.
5 Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD, Williams KD. Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science 2003; 302: 290–292.
6 Zadro L, Williams KD, Richardson R. How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2004; 40: 560–567.
7 Sebastian CL, Tan GCY, Roiser JP, Viding E, Dumontheil I, Blakemore S-J. Developmental influences on the neural bases of responses to social rejection: implications of social neuroscience for education. NeuroImage 2011; 57: 686–694.
8 Gradin VB, Waiter G, Kumar P, Stickle C, Milders M, Matthews K et al. Abnormal neural responses to social exclusion in schizophrenia. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e42608.

### Comments added by Openfmri Curators ###
===========================================

Defacing
--------
Defacing was performed by the submitter.

Quality Control
---------------
Mriqc output was not run on this dataset due to issues we are having with the software. It
will be included in the next revision.

Where to discuss the dataset
----------------------------
1) www.openfmri.org/dataset/ds******/ See the comments section at the bottom of the dataset
page.
2) www.neurostars.org Please tag any discussion topics with the tags openfmri and dsXXXXXX
accession number.
3) Send an email to [e-mail]. Please include the dsXXXXXX accession number
in
your email.

Bids-validator Output
---------------------

1: This file is not part of the BIDS specification, make sure it isn't included in
the dataset by accident. Data derivatives (processed data) should be placed in /derivatives
folder. (code: 1 - NOT_INCLUDED)
/participants.json
Evidence: participants.json

Summary: Available Tasks: Available Modalities:
116 Files, 2.01GB Cyberball T1w
36 - Subjects bold
1 - Session