Working Memory Spans and Speed of Processing.

Note: Span scores are reported for the working memory measures and reaction time (RT) in seconds for the rapid automatized naming (RAN) measures. d = effect size, (|M5–M1|)/SD1, where M5 and M1 are the respective means for fifth and first grade, and SD1 is the standard deviation for first grade. d2 = effect size based on total correct. In first and fifth grades respectively, the central executive was correlated with phonological (rs = .51,.60) and visuospatial (r = .48,.57) memory spans (ps = .0001), which in turn were correlated with each other (r = .25,.45, ps = .0008).