Effectiveness of Implementing an IoT-Based Automated Monitoring and Control System for Hydroponic Cultivation of Caisim Mustard Greens (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis)

Hydroponic cultivation of Caisim mustard (Brassicarapa subsp.chinensis) offers a highly productivealternative to traditional soil-based agriculture, particularly in urban environments like Jakarta. However,maintaining optimal environmental variables such aspotential of hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity(EC), water temperature, and ambient humidityremains a significant operational challenge. This studyevaluates the effectiveness of an automated monitoringand control system based on the Internet of Things(IoT) compared to manual management methods. Overan operational cycle of 28 days, key parameters werecontinuously logged using sensor nodes linked to anESP32 microcontroller and transmitted via MQTTprotocol to a centralized dashboard. The automaticsystem minimized human error, stabilized pH withinthe optimal 6.0–6.5 range, and sustained EC at 1.5–2.0mS/cm. The results demonstrate an increase of 28.4%in total biomass yield, a 40% reduction in waterconsumption, and significantly lower nutrient solutionwastage, thereby establishing a robust framework forscalable, low-carbon precision agriculture