Fifth Integrated Household Survey, 2019-2020 - Malawi

Abstract
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The Integrated Household Survey is one of the primary instruments implemented by the Government of Malawi through the National Statistical Office (NSO) roughly every 3-5 years to monitor and evaluate the changing conditions of Malawian households. The IHS data have, among other insights, provided benchmark poverty and vulnerability indicators to foster evidence-based policy formulation and monitor the progress of meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the goals listed as part of the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy (MGDS) and now the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Geographic coverage
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National coverage

Analysis unit
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Households

Universe
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Members of the following households are not eligible for inclusion in the survey:
• All people who live outside the selected EAs, whether in urban or rural areas.
• All residents of dwellings other than private dwellings, such as prisons, hospitals and army barracks.
• Members of the Malawian armed forces who reside within a military base. (If such individuals reside in private dwellings off the base, however, they should be included among the households eligible for random selection for the survey.)
• Non-Malawian diplomats, diplomatic staff, and members of their households. (However, note that non-Malawian residents who are not diplomats or diplomatic staff and are resident in private dwellings are eligible for inclusion in the survey. The survey is not restricted to Malawian citizens alone.)
• Non-Malawian tourists and others on vacation in Malawi.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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SAMPLING PROCEDURE
The IHS5 sampling frame is based on the listing information and cartography from the 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census (PHC); includes the three major regions of Malawi, namely North, Center and South; and is stratified into rural and urban strata. The urban strata include the four major urban areas: Lilongwe City, Blantyre City, Mzuzu City, and the Municipality of Zomba. All other areas are considered as rural areas, and each of the 27 districts were considered as a separate sub-stratum as part of the main rural stratum. The sampling frame further excludes the population living in institutions, such as hospitals, prisons and military barracks. Hence, the IHS5 strata are composed of 32 districts in Malawi. A stratified two-stage sample design was used for the IHS5.

Note: Detailed sample design information is presented in the "Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020, Basic Information Document" document.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
The Household Questionnaire is a multi-topic survey instrument and is near-identical to the content and organization of the IHS3 and IHS4 questionnaires. It encompasses economic activities, demographics, welfare, and other sectoral information of households. It covers a wide range of topics, dealing with the dynamics of poverty (consumption, cash and non-cash income, savings, assets, food security, health and education, vulnerability, and social protection). Although the IHS5 household questionnaire covers a wide variety of topics in detail it intentionally excludes in-depth information on topics covered in other surveys that are part of the NSO's statistical plan (such as maternal and child health issues covered at length in the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey).

AGRICULTURE QUESTIONNAIRE
All IHS5 households that are identified as being involved in agricultural or livestock activities were administered the agriculture questionnaire, which is primarily modelled after the IHS3 counterpart. The modules are expanding on the agricultural content of the IHS4, IHS3, IHS2, AISS, and other regional agricultural surveys, while remaining consistent with the NACAL topical coverage and methodology. The development of the agriculture questionnaire was done with input from the aforementioned stakeholders who provided input on the household questionnaire as well as outside researchers involved in research and policy discussions pertaining to the Malawian agriculture. The agriculture questionnaire allows, among other things, for extensive agricultural productivity analysis through the diligent estimation of land areas, both owned and cultivated, labor and non-labor input use and expenditures, and production figures for main crops, and livestock. Although one of the major foci of the agriculture data collection effort was to produce smallholder production estimates for major crops, it is also possible to disaggregate the data by gender and main geographical regions. The IHS5 cross-sectional households supply information on the last completed rainy season (2017/2018 or 2018/2019) and the last completed dry season (2018 or 2019) depending on the timing of their interview.

FISHERIES QUESTIONNAIRE
The design of the IHS5 fishery questionnaire is identical to the questionnaire designed for IHS3. The IHS3 fisheries questionnaire was informed by the design and piloting of a fishery questionnaire by the World Fish Center (WFC), which was supported by the LSMS-ISA project for the purpose of assembling a fishery questionnaire that could be integrated into multi-topic household-surveys. The WFC piloted the draft instrument in November 2009 in the Lower Shire region, and the NSO team considered the revised draft in designing the IHS5 fishery questionnaire.

COMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE
The content of the IHS5 Community Questionnaire follows the content of the IHS3 & IHS4 Community Questionnaires. A “community” is defined as the village or urban location surrounding the enumeration area selected for inclusion in the sample and which most residents recognize as being their community. The IHS5 community questionnaire was administered to each community associated with the cross-sectional EAs interviewed. Identical to the IHS3 and IHS4 approach, to a group of several knowledgeable residents such as the village headman, the headmaster of the local school, the agricultural field assistant, religious leaders, local merchants, health workers and long-term knowledgeable residents. The instrument gathers information on a range of community characteristics, including religious and ethnic background, physical infrastructure, access to public services, economic activities, communal resource management, organization and governance, investment projects, and local retail price information for essential goods and services.

Cleaning operations
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DATA ENTRY PLATFORM
To ensure data quality and timely availability of data, the IHS5 was implemented using the World Bank’s Survey Solutions CAPI software. To carry out IHS5, 1 laptop computer and a wireless internet router were assigned to each team supervisor, and each enumerator had an 8–inch GPS-enabled Lenovo tablet computer. The use of Survey Solutions allowed for the real-time availability of data as the completed data was completed, approved by the Supervisor and synced to the Headquarters server as frequently as possible. While administering the first module of the questionnaire the enumerator(s) also used their tablets to record the GPS coordinates of the dwelling units. In Survey Solutions, Headquarters can then see the location of the dwellings plotted on a map of Malawi to better enable supervision from afar – checking both the number of interviews performed and the fact that the sample households lie within EA boundaries. Geo-referenced household locations from that tablet complemented the GPS measurements taken by the Garmin eTrex 30 handheld devices and these were linked with publically available geospatial databases to enable the inclusion of a number of geospatial variables - extensive measures of distance (i.e. distance to the nearest market), climatology, soil and terrain, and other environmental factors - in the analysis.

The range and consistency checks built into the application was informed by the LSMS-ISA experience in previous IHS waves. Prior programming of the data entry application allowed for a wide variety of range and consistency checks to be conducted and reported and potential issues investigated and corrected before closing the assigned enumeration area. Headquarters (NSO management) assigned work to supervisors based on their regions of coverage. Supervisors then made assignments to the enumerators linked to their Supervisor account. The work assignments and syncing of completed interviews took place through a Wi-Fi connection to the IHS5 server. Because the data was available in real time it was monitored closely throughout the entire data collection period and upon receipt of the data at headquarters, data was exported to STATA for other consistency checks, data cleaning, and analysis.

DATA MANAGEMENT
The IHS5 Survey Solutions CAPI based data entry application was designed to stream-line the data collection process from the field. IHS5 Interviews were collected in “sample” mode (assignments generated from headquarters) as opposed to “census” mode (new interviews created by interviewers from a template) for the NSO to have more control over the sample.

The range and consistency checks built into the application was informed by the LSMS-ISA experience in previous IHS waves. Prior programming of the data entry application allowed for a wide variety of range and consistency checks to be conducted and reported and potential issues investigated and corrected before closing the assigned enumeration area. Headquarters (NSO management) assigned work to supervisors based on their regions of coverage. Supervisors then made assignments to the enumerators linked to their Supervisor account. The work assignments and syncing of completed interviews took place through a Wi-Fi connection to the IHS4 server. Because the data was available in real time it was monitored closely throughout the entire data collection period and upon receipt of the data at headquarters, data was exported to STATA for other consistency checks, data cleaning, and analysis.

DATA CLEANING
The data cleaning process was done in several stages over the course of field work and through preliminary analysis. The first stage of data cleaning was conducted in the field by the field based field teams utilizing errors generated with the Survey Solutions application. For questions that flagged an error, enumerators were expected to record a comment within the questionnaire to explain to their Supervisor the reason for the error and confirming that they double checked the response with the respondent. Supervisors were expected to sync the enumerator tablets as frequently as possible to avoid having many questionnaires on the tablet, and to enable daily checks of questionnaires. Some Supervisors preferred to review completed interviews on the tablets so they would review prior to syncing but still record the notes in the Supervisor account and reject questionnaires accordingly. The second stage of data cleaning was also done in the field and this resulted from the additional error reports generated in STATA and sent to teams via email. Field supervisors collected reports for their assignments and in coordination with the enumerators reviewed, investigated, and collected errors. Due to the quick turn-around in error reporting, it was possible to conduct call backs while the team was still operating in the enumeration area when required. Corrections to the data were entered in the rejected questionnaires and sent back to headquarters.

Response rate
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12, 288 households from 768 Enumeration Areas were selected. Due to COVID-19, 51 Enumeration Areas were unable to be visited at the end of the 12-month fieldwork period. Due to this, the final response rate was 93 percent.

Data appraisal
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Additional cleaning was performed after interviews were "Approved" where appropriate to resolve systematic errors and organize data modules for consistency and efficient use. Case by case cleaning was also performed during the preliminary analysis specifically pertaining to out of range and outlier variables. All cleaning activities were conducted in collaboration with the WB staff providing technical assistance to the NSO in the design and implementation of the IHS5.

摘要
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家庭综合调查是马拉维政府通过国家统计局（NSO）大约每3-5年实施的一项主要工具，用于监测和评估马拉维家庭条件的变化。IHS数据在众多洞察中，为基准贫困和脆弱性指标提供了参考，以促进基于证据的政策制定，并监测实现千年发展目标（MDGs）、马拉维增长与发展战略（MGDS）中所列目标以及现在的可持续发展目标（SDGs）的进展。
地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖
分析单元
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家庭
总体
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以下家庭成员不符合调查纳入资格：
• 所有居住在选定EAs之外的人员，无论在城市还是农村地区。
• 所有居住在非私人住宅中的人员，如监狱、医院和军营。
• 居住在军事基地内的马拉维武装部队成员。（如果此类人员居住在基地外的私人住宅中，则应包括在随机选择调查的合格家庭中。）
• 非马拉维外交官、外交人员和他们的家庭成员。（然而，请注意，非马拉维居民，如果不是外交官或外交人员，并且居住在私人住宅中，则符合纳入调查的资格。调查不仅限于马拉维公民。）
• 非马拉维游客和其他在马拉维度假的人。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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抽样程序
IHS5抽样框架基于2018年马拉维人口和住房普查（PHC）的列表信息和制图信息；包括马拉维的三个主要地区，即北部、中部和南部；并分为农村和城市层。城市层包括四个主要城市地区：利隆圭市、布兰太尔市、姆祖祖市和索尔马纳市政。
所有其他地区均视为农村地区，每个27个区均被视为主要农村层的一个单独亚层。抽样框架进一步排除了居住在机构中的人口，例如医院、监狱和军营。因此，IHS5层由马拉维的32个区组成。IHS5采用了分层两阶段抽样设计。
注意：详细的抽样设计信息见“第五次家庭综合调查2019-2020年，基本信息文件”文档。
数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]
研究工具
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家庭问卷
家庭问卷是一种多主题调查工具，其内容和组织结构与IHS3和IHS4问卷几乎相同。它涵盖了家庭的经济活动、人口统计、福利以及其他部门信息。它覆盖了广泛的主题，涉及贫困的动态（消费、现金和非现金收入、储蓄、资产、粮食安全、健康和教育、脆弱性以及社会保障）。尽管IHS5家庭问卷详细涵盖了广泛的主题，但它故意排除了其他调查中涵盖的某些主题的深入信息，这些调查是国家统计局统计计划的一部分（如马拉维人口和健康调查中详细讨论的母婴健康问题）。
农业问卷
所有被确定为参与农业或畜牧业活动的IHS5家庭都接受了农业问卷，该问卷主要仿照IHS3问卷。模块在扩展IHS4、IHS3、IHS2、AISS和其他区域农业调查的农业内容的同时，与NACAL主题覆盖和方法保持一致。农业问卷的开发得到了上述利益相关者的输入，他们提供了对家庭问卷的反馈，以及参与马拉维农业研究和政策讨论的外部研究人员。农业问卷允许进行广泛的农业生产力分析，通过仔细估算土地面积（包括拥有的和耕种的）、劳动和非劳动投入的使用和支出以及主要作物的产量和畜牧业的生产数据。尽管农业数据收集工作的主要重点是产生主要作物的小农生产估计，但也可以按性别和主要地理区域对数据进行细分。IHS5横断面家庭提供了有关上一个完成的雨季（2017/2018或2018/2019）和上一个完成的旱季（2018或2019）的信息，具体取决于他们的访谈时间。
渔业问卷
IHS5渔业问卷的设计与为IHS3设计的问卷相同。IHS3渔业问卷的设计和试点得到了世界鱼中心（WFC）的支持，该中心由LSMS-ISA项目支持，目的是汇编一个可以整合到多主题家庭调查中的渔业问卷。WFC于2009年11月在下谢雷地区试点了草案工具，国家统计局团队在设计IHS5渔业问卷时考虑了修订后的草案。
社区问卷
IHS5社区问卷的内容与IHS3和IHS4社区问卷的内容相同。一个“社区”是指围绕选定纳入样本的普查区域及其周围村庄或城市地区，大多数居民都认为这是他们的社区。IHS5社区问卷对每个与横断面EAs访谈相关的社区进行了调查。与IHS3和IHS4方法相同，对一组几位知识渊博的居民，如村长、当地学校校长、农业助理、宗教领袖、当地商人、卫生工作者和长期的知识渊博的居民。该工具收集了有关社区特征的广泛信息，包括宗教和种族背景、物理基础设施、公共服务获取、经济活动、社区资源管理、组织和管理、投资项目以及基本商品和服务的当地零售价格信息。
数据清理操作
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数据录入平台
为确保数据质量和数据的及时可用性，IHS5采用了世界银行的调查解决方案CAPI软件。为了执行IHS5，每个团队负责人分配了1台笔记本电脑和无线路由器，每个调查员拥有一台8英寸的GPS联想平板电脑。使用调查解决方案允许在数据完成、经负责人批准并尽可能频繁地同步到总部服务器时实时访问数据。在管理问卷的第一个模块时，调查员还使用他们的平板电脑记录住宅单位的GPS坐标。在调查解决方案中，总部可以在马拉维地图上看到住宅的位置，以更好地进行远程监督——检查进行的访谈数量以及样本家庭是否位于EA边界内。来自该平板电脑的地理参照家庭位置补充了由Garmin eTrex 30便携式设备测量的GPS测量值，并将这些值与公开可用的地理空间数据库链接，以包括大量地理空间变量——广泛的距离测量（即距离最近市场的距离）、气候学、土壤和地形以及其他环境因素——在分析中。
应用程序内置的范围和一致性检查受到了LSMS-ISA在先前IHS波次中的经验的影响。数据录入应用程序的预先编程允许进行广泛的各种范围和一致性检查，并在关闭分配的普查区域之前进行调查、报告潜在问题并纠正。总部（国家统计局管理）根据其覆盖区域分配工作给监督员。然后，监督员将其分配给与其监督账户相关的调查员。工作分配和完成访谈的同步通过连接到IHS5服务器的Wi-Fi连接进行。由于数据是实时可用的，因此在整个数据收集期间进行了密切监控，并在总部收到数据后，将数据导出到STATA进行其他一致性检查、数据清理和分析。
数据管理
IHS5基于调查解决方案CAPI的数据录入应用程序旨在简化从现场的数据收集过程。IHS5访谈以“样本”模式（总部生成的分配）收集，而不是以“普查”模式（调查员从模板创建新访谈）收集，以便国家统计局能够更好地控制样本。
应用程序内置的范围和一致性检查受到了LSMS-ISA在先前IHS波次中的经验的影响。数据录入应用程序的预先编程允许进行广泛的各种范围和一致性检查，并在关闭分配的普查区域之前进行调查、报告潜在问题并纠正。总部（国家统计局管理）根据其覆盖区域分配工作给监督员。然后，监督员将其分配给与其监督账户相关的调查员。工作分配和完成访谈的同步通过连接到IHS4服务器的Wi-Fi连接进行。由于数据是实时可用的，因此在整个数据收集期间进行了密切监控，并在总部收到数据后，将数据导出到STATA进行其他一致性检查、数据清理和分析。
数据清理
数据清理过程在实地工作和初步分析期间分几个阶段进行。第一阶段的数据清理是在实地由基于现场的现场团队利用由调查解决方案应用程序生成的错误进行的。对于标记错误的提问，调查员应记录问卷中的注释，向负责人解释错误的原因，并确认他们已与受访者双重检查了回答。负责人应尽可能频繁地同步调查员的平板电脑，以避免在平板电脑上有许多问卷，并能够每天检查问卷。一些负责人更喜欢在平板电脑上审查完成的访谈，以便在同步之前进行审查，但仍记录在负责人账户中的笔记，并根据情况拒绝问卷。第二阶段的数据清理也是在实地进行的，这是由于在STATA中生成的额外错误报告，并通过电子邮件发送给团队。现场监督员收集其分配的报告，并与调查员协调审查、调查和收集错误。由于错误报告的快速周转，在团队仍在普查区域工作时，如果需要，可以进行回访。对数据的更正输入到被拒绝的问卷中，并发送回总部。
响应率
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从768个普查区域中选择了12,288个家庭。由于COVID-19，51个普查区域在12个月实地工作结束时无法访问。因此，最终响应率为93%。
数据评估
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在访谈“批准”后，进行了额外的清理工作，以解决系统性错误，并组织数据模块以保持一致性和高效使用。在初步分析期间，也进行了案例-by-案例的清理，特别是针对超出范围和异常变量。所有清理活动都是在与为国家统计局在IHS5的设计和实施中提供技术协助的世界银行工作人员的合作下进行的。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集是马拉维2019-2020年实施的第五次综合家庭调查（IHS5），由马拉维国家统计局主导，采用全国性分层抽样方法，覆盖12,288户家庭。调查内容全面，包括家庭经济、农业、渔业和社区信息，重点关注贫困、农业生产力、食品安全等指标，旨在为政策制定和可持续发展目标监测提供数据支持。