Prediction data from: Machine learning predicts which rivers, streams, and wetlands the Clean Water Act regulates

We assess which waters the Clean Water Act protects and how Supreme Court
and White House rules change this regulation. We train a deep learning
model using aerial imagery and geophysical data to predict 150,000
jurisdictional determinations from the Army Corps of Engineers, each
deciding regulation for one water resource. Under a 2006 Supreme Court
ruling, the Clean Water Act protects two-thirds of US streams and over
half of wetlands; under a 2020 White House rule, it protects under half of
streams and a fourth of wetlands, implying deregulation of 690,000 stream
miles, 35 million wetland acres, and 30% of waters around drinking water
sources. Our framework can support permitting, policy design, and use of
machine learning in regulatory implementation problems.