Mendelian randomization estimates, obtained from instrumental variable analysis using 2SLS and probit regression, and multivariable linear and probit regression estimates of the association of alcohol use (1 unit) with CVD risk factors and morbidity.

†adjusted for age, education, physical activity, smoking and use of appropriate medication (CVD risk factors only).§per alcohol unit change (10 grams ethanol/day).¶Odds ratio is approximated by the antilogarithm of (1.6× probit coefficient).