Association of heart rate with all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in 405 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Heart rate was categorised in steps of 10 bpm, when analysed as a continuous variable. In total, 310 patients had a heart rate ≤80 bpm and 95 patients had a heart rate >80 bpm.COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, bpm: beats per minute.1Adjusted for sex, and age.2Adjusted for sex, age, pack-years of smoking, FEV1, and use of cardiovascular drugs (β-blockers excluded).3One patient was censored before the earliest event in this stratum occurred and therefore excluded from analysis.4Adjusted for sex, age, history of cardiovascular disease, use of cardiovascular medication (β-blockers excluded), and β-blockers.5Adjusted for sex, age, pack-years of smoking, and FEV1(% predicted).Association of heart rate with all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in 405 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.