Exploring the acoustic diversity of Andean frogs in the Farallones de Cali National Natural Park, southwestern Colombia

The advertisement calls that frogs emit in a reproductive context are among the most conspicuous and studied acoustic signals. They play a significant role in interspecific recognition, mate selection, and territoriality and can be used in different fields such as taxonomy, ethology, ecology, and evolutionary studies. In Colombia, around 40% of the recognized frog species have descriptions of their calls in the literature. However, the Cordillera Occidental in the tropical Andes and the Strabomantidae family are underrepresented in the literature despite the huge species diversity they hold. Here, we described the advertisement calls of eleven frog species belonging to three families from three localities at high elevations in the Cordillera Occidental, which have been inaccessible to scientific research due to security concerns. We describe the advertisement calls of five Pristimantis species for the first time and estimated the daily acoustic activity patterns of four Pristimantis species. Our findings enhance the number of known advertisement calls for anuran species from one of the least-represented regions and families in the country. In addition, they provide important information regarding the natural history of four Pristimantis species that could be used as a baseline for future long-term population studies.蛙类在繁殖情境下发出的广告鸣唱，是最为醒目且被广泛研究的声学信号之一。这类鸣唱在种间识别、配偶选择与领域行为中发挥关键作用，可应用于分类学、行为学、生态学及进化生物学等多个研究领域。在哥伦比亚，已确认的蛙类物种中约有40%在学术文献中留有其鸣唱的相关描述。然而，尽管热带安第斯山脉的西科迪勒拉山脉（Cordillera Occidental）与直趾蟾科（Strabomantidae）拥有极为丰富的物种种群多样性，但相关文献对其的研究记录却严重不足。本研究聚焦该西科迪勒拉山脉三处高海拔区域——该区域此前因安全顾虑无法开展科学研究——对隶属于3个科的11个蛙类物种的广告鸣唱进行了系统描述。本研究首次记录了5个卵齿蟾属（Pristimantis）物种的广告鸣唱，并估算了其中4个卵齿蟾属物种的日间声学活动模式。本研究结果扩充了该国研究覆盖度最低的区域及类群对应的无尾目物种已知广告鸣唱的记录规模。此外，研究还为4个卵齿蟾属物种的自然历史研究提供了重要参考数据，可作为未来长期种群研究的基准基线。