地名 co-occurance.xlsx

The frequency of co-occurrences represents the relatedness of associations between different toponyms (Liu et al., 2013). We search each POI name and the word ‘华强北’(Huaqiangbei) using Baidu, the largest Chinese search engine in the world. As the search engine and study area are Chinese, we conducted our research in Chinese. The search results (i.e., the result displays ‘百度为您找到相关结果20个’ in Chinese or ‘Baidu found 20 related results for you’ in English) as shown in Fig. 3b. To account for changes in POI names over time, we set the corresponding year during our searches (Fig. 3c). For example, when searching for a POI name in 2012, we set the search time from ‘2012-1-01’ to ‘2012-12-31’. This step was completed on April 9th, 2023. To optimize the search volume and form a continuous spatial region, we narrow down the POI-selected region by analyzing the point density of POI data in Shenzhen city (Fig. 3a).