Global Bee Interaction Data

Last modified: December 17, 2025 IntroductionThis dataset comprises all bee interactions indexed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI; Poelen et al. 2014). It is published quarterly by the Big Bee Project (Seltmann et al. 2021) to summarize all available knowledge about bee interactions from natural history collections, community science observations (i.e., iNaturalist), and the literature. Interactions include flower visitation, parasitic interactions (mite, viral), lecty, and many others. Data DescriptionPlease see the integration process page to better understand how Global Biotic Interactions combines datasets from various sources. The complete interaction dataset for all species can be accessed via https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/data. Data is filtered for unique records based on the interaction description and source citation. Archives contain full data records and unique filtered records in tab-delimited format. Dataset column name definitions https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields or https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields Duplicate records occur in the database because more than one provider shares information. This is most frequently occuring in museum specimen data and duplicates can be identified evaluating the institutionCode, collectionCode and catalogNumber fields. The file catalogNumber_counts.tsv groups records by these three fields for this dataset, but does not filter out duplicate records. Additionally, this dataset includes the citation information provided by the data publisher. The provided sourceCitation may not include information about the primary provider (often the natural history collection) the specimen data originates and the catalogNumber should be referenced to understand the original source of the data. The counts and metrics include exact duplicates (found in the interactions.tsv file). globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz file removes exact duplicates and currently totals 1,868,619 records. If you know of a missing dataset, or wish to share your dataset, please contact us! Metrics Date Total bee records 07-17-2020 232,906 01-24-2021 257,738 11-17-2021 226,160 06-01-2022 286,818 11-07-2022 429,308 01-18-2024 842,819 07-03-2024 1,109,057 01-09-2025 1,223,768 11-25-2025 2,480,473 12-16-2025 3,030,355 Date Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae 07-17-2020 73,463 106,222 20,821 58,880 01-24-2021 77,824 120,919 21,376 63,945 11-17-2021 25,535 134,517 10,568 43,070 06-01-2022 78,016 144,827 20,409 64,054 11-07-2022 84,172 171,378 30,792 79,155 01-18-2024 166,473 334,224 63,847 171,931 07-03-2024 289,400 371,953 83,337 190,562 01-09-2025 204,565 686,195 70,724 241,856 11-25-2025 269,191 1,509,768 129,763 386,203 12-16-2025 277,549 2,015,320 132,253 413,572 Date Megachilidae Melittidae Stenotritidae 07-17-2020 44,449 2,511 23 01-24-2021 48,856 2,624 18 11-17-2021 37,001 995 9 06-01-2022 54,516 2,994 18 11-07-2022 61,391 2,396 24 01-18-2024 100,814 5,088 442 07-03-2024 162,587 4,964 438 01-09-2025 126,113 5,928 441 11-25-2025 174,935 9,764 849 12-16-2025 180,494 10,318 849 Included files The counts and metrics include exact duplicates (found in the interactions.tsv file). globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz file removes exact duplicates and currently totals 1,868,619 records. filter_and_count_bee_families.sh - script for separating bee records into family and counting number of records for each family citation-count.sh - script for counting citations unique_citations.tsv - data sources and citation counts for this dataset. Same information in the ReferenceCitation table below. family_counts.tsv - counts by family globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz - list of all bee interaction data indexed on Global Biotic Interactions from GloBI version 2025-Nov-25 produced by [filter_and_count_bee_families.sh]. interactions.tsv.gz - archive of the full Global Biotic Interaction dataset on November 25, 2025. Downloaded from https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org Interaction Sources Below is a list of sources that contributed to this dataset, along with raw counts of unique interactions and links to the corresponding digital archives and reviews. These datasets are indexed and reviewed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI) using automated, reproducible workflows that extract species-interaction records, reconcile taxonomic names against authoritative catalogs, and summarize the findings. Each review produces a versioned digital archive to ensure long-term preservation and to document data provenance. For details, see the Methods section within each linked archive. ReferenceCitation Count http://iNaturalist.org is a place where you can record what you see in nature, meet other nature lovers, and learn about the natural world. 287441 Reji Chacko, M., Albouy, C., Altermatt, F., Brändle, M., Casanelles Abella, J., Boussange, V., Campell, F., Ellis, W. N., Fopp, F., Gossner, M. M., Ho., H., Joss, A., Kipf, P., Neff, F., Petrović, A., Prié, V., Tomanović, Ž., Zimmerli, N., Pellissier, L. (2024). trophiCH v1 - a food web for Switzerland. EnviDat. https://www.doi.org/10.16904/envidat.467. 266611 USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) IPT 258683 ecdysis - a portal for live-managing arthropod occurrence data 182755 Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2015-03-18. National Science Foundation grant DBI 0956388; PBI: Phytophagous Insects as a Model Group for Documenting Planetary Biodiversity (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae, Phylinae). 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Catalogue des Uredinales de Belgique, 1re partie, Chaconiaceae, Coleosporiaceae, Cronartiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Raveneliaceae et Uropyxidaceae. Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique|Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2009). Catalogue des Uredinales de Belgique, 2ème partie, Pucciniaceae (sauf Puccinia)(suite 2). Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique.|Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2012). CATALOGUE DES UREDINALES DE Belgique 3ème partie Pucciniaceae (genre Puccinia). Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique. 1 Vanderweyen A, Fraiture A, Groom Q, Desmet P, Reyserhove L (2019). Catalogue of the Rust Fungi of Belgium. Botanic Garden Meise. 1 Sarah E Miller. 5/21/2015. Text gathered from http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ 1 Sarah E Miller. 3/4/2015. Species associations manually extracted from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00907.x/suppinfo. 1 HiveTracks WorldFAIR Test Data. 1 Gunther KA et al. 2014 Dietary breadth of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ursus 25(1):60-72 1 Deans, Andrew (2021). Catalog of Rose Gall, Herb Gall, and Inquiline Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada, and Mexico 1 De Rojas M, Doña J, Dimov I (2020) A comprehensive survey of Rhinonyssid mites (Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae) in Northwest Russia: New mite-host associations and prevalence data. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49535. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49535 1 Camargo-Sanabria, A.A., Fernández, J.A., Hernández-Quiroz, N.S., Buitrago-Torres, D.L. and Álvarez-Córdova, F. (2025), Ecological Interactions of Terrestrial Mammals in the Chihuahuan Desert: A Systematic Map. 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Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e74037. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.74037 Poelen, JS & Seltmann, KS (2024) Bees Only Please: Bees Only Please: Selecting Hundreds of Thousands of Possible Bee Interactions Using a Laptop, Open Datasets, and Small (but Mighty) Commandline Tools. https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2024/06/07/bees-only-please Ascher, J. S. and J. Pickering (2020) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species. Acknowledgements This project is supported by the National Science Foundation. Award numbers: DBI:2102006, DBI:2101929, DBI:2101908, DBI:2101876, DBI:2101875, DBI:2101851, DBI:2101345, DBI:2101913, DBI:2101891 and DBI:2101850