Species co-occurrence across localities (a) with different aridity levels (b) within the subtropical Andes; standardized C-score values (SES) for all species combined (c) and for specific life forms (d-f) are reported.

Negative values indicate positive associations, while positive ones indicate negative associations (values greater than +2 or lower than −2 being considered significant). Empty cells indicate very low herb abundance in the respective sites, which prevented us from conducting co-occurrence analysis based on null models.