Living Standards Survey 1992-1993 - Vietnam

Abstract
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The principal objective of the VNLSS is to collect basic data reflescting the actual living standard of the population. These data then be used for evaluating socio-economic development and formulationg policies to improve living standard. Followings are the main goals by the year of 2000.
- Reduce the population growth rate less than 2 % peryear
- Reduce the infant mortaility (under 5 years old) 0,81% (1990) to 0,55%; and from 0,46% (1990) to 0,3% (under one year old)
- Reduce the mortality rate of women concerning the pregnancy and maternity
- Reduce the malnutrition of children under 5years old from 51,5% at present to 40% in 1995 and under 30% by the year of 2000. Heavy malnutrition should not be existed by the year of 2000.
- Population can access to safe water resources from 43% (1990) to 82% of which 40% to 80% in rural areas. Population use sanitary latrine from 22% (1990) to 65% of which in rural areas from 15% to 60%
- 90 percent of children complete the endeavor universal first level education before the age of 15, and the rest should complete the third grade. By the year of 2000 no children at the age of 15 will be illiterate
- Improve the cultural, spiritual life of the children, to ensure that 30% of communes (by the year of 1995) and 50% of communes (by the year of 2000) have entertaining place for children

The main information collected by the survey includes:
- Household income and expenditures
- Health and education
- Employment and other productive and activities
- Demographic characteristics and migration
- Housing conditions

In addition, the information gatherd is intended to improve planning of economic and social policies in Vietnam and to assist in evaluating the impact of the policies. It should enable decision makers to:
- indentify target groups for government assistance
- Construct models of socio-economic development policies, both overall and on individuals groups
- Analyze the impact of decisions available and of the current economic situation on living condition of household

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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- Households
- Individuals
- Community

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Sample Design
The sample covers 4800 households from all areas of Viet Nam. The sample design was self-weighted, which means that each household in Viet Nam had the same probability of being selected. The overall sampling frame was stratified into two groups urban and rural, with sampling was carried out separately in each group (strata). About 20% of Vietnamese households live in urban areas, so the sample stratification ensures that 20% of selected households also come from urban areas. Within urban and rural areas, two lists of all communes was drawn up (one of urban communes and another of rural ones), province by province, in "serpentine" order. 2 The selection of communes within each list was done to ensure that they were spread out evenly among all provinces in Viet Nam.

The VNLSS sample design is the following. Within each province in Viet Nam, rural areas can be broken down into districts, and districts in turn are divided into communes (Xa). Urban areas in all provinces consist of centers/towns, which are divided into quarters (Quai), and then divided further into communes (Phuong). The number of communes in all of Viet Nam, both urban and rural, is about 10,000, and the average population in each is about 6,500. As explained in Section 4, each survey team covers 32 households in 4 weeks, 16 households in one area, and 16 in another area. For convenience all 32 households (i.e. both sets of 16 household) were selected from the same commune. This implied that 150 communes needed to be randomly selected (32x150=4800), 30 in urban areas and 120 in urban areas. Within urban areas communes can be further divided into clusters (Cum), two of which were selected from which to draw two "workloads" of 16 households (16 from each of the two clusters). The same was done in rural areas, where each commune is divided into several villages (Thon). The average size of urban clusters and rural villages is somewhat less than 1000 households.

The VNLSS sample was drawn in three stages. Because the General Statistical Office in Hanoi knows the current population of each commune in Viet Nam (but not of each cluster or village within each commune), 150 communes were selected out of the 10,000 in all of Viet Nam with the probability of selection proportional to their population size. At the second stage, information was gathered from the 150 selected communes on the population of each cluster (in urban areas) or villages (in rural areas), and two clusters or villages were randomly drawn with probability proportional to their population size. Finally, the third stage involved random selection of 20 households (16 for the sample plus four "extras" to serve as replacements if some of the 16 "originals" could not be interviewed) within each cluster or village from a list of all households within each cluster or village. Note that the first stage of the sample is based on information from the 1989 Census, but the second and third stages use updated information available from the communes. The first and second stage samples were drawn in Hanoi, while the third stage was drawn in the field (see Section 4.3 below for more details).

Implementation

The attached map shows the commune number and approximate location of the 150 communes selected in Viet Nam. Of the 150 communes chosen, one was in a very remote and inaccessible area near the Chinese border and was replaced by another not quite as inaccessible. The actual interview schedule went smoothly. In one instance (commune 68) one of the selected villages was replaced because when the survey team arrived in the village it discovered that most of the adults were away from the village and thus could not be interviewed. In each cluster or village interviews were completed for 16 households, thus the 4800 household target sample was fully achieved. About 3% of the households (155) were replaced; the main reason for replacement was that their occupants were not at home. Only four households refused to participate. Community questionnaires were completed for all 120 rural communes. Price questionnaires were completed for 118 of 120 communes (the exceptions were communes 62 and 63), and comparable price data were collected from existing sources for all 30 urban areas.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

The household questionnaire contains modules (sections) to collect data on household demographic structure, education, health, employment, migration, housing conditions, fertility, agricultural activities, household non-agricultural businesses, food expenditures, non-food expenditures, remittances and other income sources, savings and loans, and anthropometric (height and weight) measures.

For some sections (survey information, housing, and respondents for second round) the individual designated by the household members as the household head provided responses. For some others (agro-pastoral activities, non-farm self employment, food expenditures, non-food expenditures) a member identified as most knowledgeable provided responses. Identification codes for respondents of different sections indicate who provided the information. In sections where the information collected pertains to individuals (education, health, employment, migration, and fertility) each member of the household was asked to respond for himself or herself, except that parents were allowed to respond for younger children. In the case of the employment and fertility sections it is possible that the information was not provided by the relevant person; variables in these sections indicate when this is the case. The household questionnaire was completed in two interviews two weeks apart: Sections 0-8, were conducted in the first interview, sections 9-14 were conducted in the second interview, and section 15 was administered in both interviews. The survey was designed so that more sensitive issues such as credit and savings were discussed near the end. The content of each module is briefly described below.

I. FIRST INTERVIEW

Section 0 SURVEY INFORMATION
0A HOUSEHOLD HEAD AND RESPONDENT INFORMATION
0B SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS
0C OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS

The date of the interview, the religion, ethnic group of the household head, the language used by the respondent and other technical information related to the interview are noted. Section 0B summarizes the results of the survey visits, i.e. whether a section was completed on the first visit or the second visit. Section 0C, not entered into the computer, contains remarks of the interviewer and the supervisor. Since the data in Section 0C are retained only on the questionnaires, researchers cannot gain access to them without checking the original questionnaires at the General Statistical Office in Hanoi.

Section 1 HOUSEHOLD MEMBERSHIP
1A HOUSEHOLD ROSTER
1B INFORMATION ON PARENTS OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS
1C CHILDREN RESIDING ELSEWHERE

The roster in Section 1A lists the age, sex, marital status and relation to household head of all people who spent the previous night in that household and for household members who are temporarily away from home. The household head is listed first and receives the personal id code 1. Household members were defined to include "all the people who normally live and eat their meals together in this dwelling. Those who were absent more than nine of the last twelve months were excluded, except for the head of the household and infants less than three months old. A lunar calendar is provided in the questionnaire to help respondents recall the year and month they were born. For individuals who are married and whose spouse resides in the household, the personal id number of the spouse is noted. This way information on the spouse can be collected by appropriately merging information from the roster and other parts of the survey.

Section 1B collects information on the parents of all household members. For individuals whose parents reside in the household, parents’ personal id numbers are noted, and information can be obtained by appropriately merging information from other parts of the survey. For individuals whose parents do not reside in the household, information is recorded on whether each parent is alive, as well as their schooling and occupation. In section 1C information is collected for children of household members living elsewhere. This information is only collected for children below 30 years of age. Children who have died are not included. All living children are listed along with the personal id number of their father and mother (if parents reside in the household). Then information on the age, schooling, and current place of residence of each such child is recorded.

Section 2 SCHOOLING

In Section 2, data were collected on self-reported literacy and numeracy, school attendance, completion, and current enrollment for all household members of creche or preschool age and older. The interpretation of creche or pre-school age appears to have varied, with the result that while education information is available for some children of pre-school age, not all pre-school children were included in this section. But for ages 6 and above information is available for nearly all individuals, so in essence the data on schooling can be said to apply to all persons 6 age and above. For those who were enrolled in school at the time of the survey, information was also collected on school attendance, distance, travel time, expenses, and scholarships.

Section 3 HEALTH

In this section, data on any illness or injury experienced in the 4 weeks preceding the date of interview were obtained for all household members. For those who reported being ill in the past 4 weeks, information was obtained on the duration and type of illness, type of care sought, distance to health provider, travel time, and cost of medication and consultation. All individuals, whether ill or not in the past 4 weeks, were asked if they had been ill in the year before the survey, and if so the total amount they had spent on health care in the previous year. At the request of the World Health Organization, several questions on smoking were asked of all individuals 6 years of age and older.

Section 4 EMPLOYMENT
4A TYPE OF WORK AND JOB SEARCH
4B MAIN JOB DURING THE PAST SEVEN DAYS
4C SECONDARY JOB DURING THE PAST SEVEN DAYS
4D SEARCH FOR ADDITIONAL EMPLOYMENT
4E MAIN JOB DURING THE PAST TWELVE MONTHS
4F EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
4G SECONDARY JOB DURING THE PAST TWELVE MONTHS
4H OTHER ACTIVITIES

All individuals age six and older were asked to respond to the economic activity questions in Section 4, beginning with questions on the nature of their work in the last seven days. For persons who did not work in last seven days, data were collected on job search, and reason for not seeking employment. For work in last seven days, information was collected on hours, length of employment, type of employer, taxes, distance and travel time to place of work, money and in-kind compensation, and benefits. Similar questions were asked on the secondary job in the last seven days. Questions were asked on search for additional employment, including the kind of work sought and the lowest acceptable wage. If main work in the last twelve months was different from the main or secondary job in the last seven days, the complete set of questions was answered for that work as well. Type of work and years of experience at any work prior to that of the main job in the last twelve months were collected. Again, if there was a secondary job in the last twelve months different from the other jobs, data on work conditions and compensation were collected. Days and hours spent doing household chores were collected for each household member age seven and older.

Occupation and sector of employment codes are not available in the household questionnaire. It is not possible to determine the specific occupation these stand for, but based on the ordering of the codes it is possible to determine the broad classification they fall under (for example, construction, transport, storage, communication, etc.). These can, therefore, be treated as "other occupations" within the broad classification. Finally, the last 4 codes in Appendix F of the Basic Information document, namely, X, X-1, X-2, and X-3, appear as 0, -1, -2, and -3 in the data. The Xs were dropped from these codes so that the variable could be stored as a numeric variable.

Section 5 MIGRATION

All household members age 15 or older responded to the questions on migration in Section 5. If not born at current place of residence, respondents were asked whether the place of birth was a village, town, city, or other. The age at which such individuals left their place of birth was recorded, as well as the main reason for leaving. In addition, individuals were asked the main reason for coming to the current place of residence, from what region they had come to the current place, and whether the previous place was a village, town or city. Finally, respondents were asked how many places they had lived for periods of more than three months in their life?

Section 6 HOUSING
6A TYPE OF DWELLING
6B HOUSING EXPENSES
6C HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS

Section 6 contains information on the type of dwelling, housing expenses, and housing characteristics for all households interviewed. Information was collected on the number of rooms in the dwelling, ownership status, wall material, roof material, water source, toilet type, utilities expenses, and square meters of living area. Respondents for all 4800 households, regardless of whether the dwelling was owned or rented, were asked for the resale value of the dwelling. This section also contains information on type of cooking fuel used, the time and distance involved in collecting wood, and whether it is the primary cooking fuel used by the household.

Section 7 RESPONDENTS CHOSEN FOR ROUND TWO (the second interview)

In Section 7, the principal respondent for Round One was asked to identify: 1) the household member who knows the most about all the agricultural and livestock activities of the household; 2) the household member who shops for food; and 3) the household member who knows the most about the other household expenses, income and savings of household members. The respondent was also asked to identify the three most important businesses and trades belonging to the household, and the household members who know most about them. Finally, a woman was selected at random from among the women in the household between the ages of 15 and 49 to respond to the fertility module. In principle, those identified in this section for interviewing in later sections should be the ones who are actually interviewed in those sections. While this is true for many households there are some cases where the respondents for the agriculture, food expense, and non-food expense sections are different from those identified in this section. This is possible if the person identified was not present at the time the section was completed (e.g. the second visit to the household).

Section 8 FERTILITY
8A FERTILITY HISTORY
8B FAMILY PLANNING

In each household one woman 15-49 years old, randomly selected in Section 7, responded to the questions in Section 8. If a household contained no woman in this age range, Section 8 was not completed. The woman was asked if she had ever been pregnant and, if so, whether she had ever given birth. Women who respond that they have are asked the birth date and sex of all children they have given birth to, including children who did not survive. If the child is not alive the woman is asked how long it survived. The woman is asked about the birth and breastfeeding of her last child, the age at which she was married, and the number of miscarriages she has had. Section 8B gathers information on knowledge, use, source and cost of six modern and six traditional methods of family planning. In using data from this section it should be kept in mind that unlike the Demographic and Health Surveys and the World Fertility Surveys, interviewers were not necessarily women.

II. SECOND INTERVIEW

Section 9 AGRO-PASTORAL ACTIVITIES
9A1 AGRICULTURAL LAND
9A2 FOREST LAND
9A3 SELLING OR BUYING LAND
9A4 VACANT LOT, BALD HILL, LAND CLEARING RECLAMATION
9A5 AGRICULTURAL TAXES
9B1 PADDY
9B2 OTHER FOOD CROPS
9B3 ANNUAL INDUSTRIAL CROPS
9B4 PERENNIAL INDUSTRIAL CROPS
9B5 FRUIT CROPS
9B6 FOREST TREES
9C CROP BYPRODUCTS
9D FARM INPUTS
9E TRANSFORMATION OF HOMEGROWN CROPS
9F LIVESTOCK
9G OTHER ANIMAL PRODUCTS
9H RAISING/PLANTING WATER PRODUCTS
9I EXTENSION CONTACTS FOR LIVESTOCK
9J LIVESTOCK EXPENDITURES
9K HAND TOOLS
9L FARMING EQUIPMENT

In Section 9 the respondent was the household member identified in Section 7 as the one most knowledgeable about the household’s agricultural and pastoral activities. Most questions refer to the past twelve months. This section is by far the largest section of the household questionnaire, with many subsections that contain information on different aspects of agricultural production and related livestock activities -- collectively referred to as agro-pastoral activities.

Sections 9A1 to 9A5 collect information on household’s control over land of different tenures. These include land allocated by the commune, auctioned land, privately held land, rented/sharecropped land, and swidden land. In each case data are obtained on total land size, size of irrigated land, and payments for use of land. For annual crop land information is also obtained on quality of land. Similar information is obtained on water surface cultivated, forest land controlled, land reclaimed from a bald hill, newly ploughed land, and roadside/riverside land. In these sections data are also obtained on purchases and sales of land, and land taxes paid by the household.

Section 9B1 to 9B6 contain detailed output information for all crops grown by the household. This information is obtained separately for each crop and includes (in most cases) information on quantity produced, value of output, quantity sold in the market and given to the cooperative, quantity kept for seeds, quantity fed to livestock, and quantity given as gifts. In the case of paddy information is obtained, separately, for the summer crop, winter crop, and the autumn crop. It should be remembered that while data is obtained for each crop cultivated by a household, it is not possible to link the information on land tenure (and size) with output information to determine the tenure structure of land on which a certain crop is cultivated -- unless a household cultivates only one crop on the land it cultivates. Section 9C contains information on crop byproducts.

Section 9D obtains detailed information on seeds, manure, fertilizer, insecticides, and transportation for all crops cultivated by a household. This information is also crop-specific and can, theoretically, be linked with the output information in the earlier sections by matching the datasets by household codes and crop codes. Information on other inputs such as hired labor, packing and storage costs, etc., are obtained at an aggregated level for each household. Other crop-specific information obtained in this section consists of data on home consumption and on the use of agricultural extension services.

Section 9E contains information on transformation of home grown crops that were subsequently sold. This includes data on output for sale, codes of household members who participated in the production process, number of sales, revenues from these sales, and costs of production. Section 9F collects information on livestock, poultry, and other animals that are either consumed by a household or generate income. These data include an inventory of current numbers possessed, the numbers born, sold, consumed, given away or lost, and the numbers bought by a household. Also included is information on the value of current stocks, revenue from sales, and purchase costs. Section 9G then collects information on animal products such as milk, eggs, silk, manure, etc. Here information is restricted to revenue from sales. In section 9H similar information is collected for water animals (fish, shrimp, etc.).
Section 9I collects information on extension services for livestock, and section 9J contains information on livestock expenditures. Finally, section 9L and 9K collect data on implements and farm machinery owned by the household.

Section 10 NON-FARM SELF-EMPLOYMENT
10A WORKING CONDITIONS
10B EXPENDITURES
10C REVENUES
10D BUSINESS ASSETS

Section 10 gathers data on household businesses for the three most important enterprises operated by the household. The respondent for each enterprise is the household member most familiar with its operation (as identified in Section 7). Data are gathered on the ownership, number of employees, and type of employee compensation for each enterprise. For each business, expenditures over the last twelve months on wages, raw materials, and taxes are collected. The respondent is asked how much, in money and goods, was received from sales and how much of the enterprise’s product was consumed by the household since the first interview. Information on ownership, sales and purchases of assets -- buildings, land, vehicles, tools and other durable goods -- in the last twelve months is also collected.

Section 11 FOOD EXPENSES AND HOME PRODUCTION
11A HOLIDAY EXPENSES
11B NORMAL EXPENSES

In Section 11A the amounts spent on holidays, primarily Tet (New Year), 15th January, 15th July, Moon festival, and Independence day. The range of food items for which such expense information is obtained is smaller than that for which information is obtained in the Section 11B. The main reason for separating holiday expenses from normal expenses, a departure from the standard LSMS survey format, is to take into account the fact that the Tet holiday in Viet Nam often represents significant departures from normal spending patterns -- particularly unusually high expenditures.

Section 11B collects detailed information on market purchases and consumption from home production for forty-five food items. Information is obtained for expenses since the interviewer’s first visit. For a longer recall period (12 months) data are obtained on the number of months (in the preceding 12 months) each food item was purchased, the number of times purchases were made during those months, the quantity purchased each time, and the value per purchase. These four pieces of information can be combined to obtain the total expenditure on food in the 12 months before the date of the interview. Note that this, in effect, is a variablerecall procedure because the time frame for which purchase information is provided by a respondent can differ for two food items, as well as across respondents. Besides market purchases (including barter), information is also collected on consumption from home production. Again data are obtained on the number of months each item was consumed but, unlike market purchases, the information of the quantity and value of consumption is obtained by asking a single question on the total amount for the past 12 months (as opposed to asking how often purchased each month, quantity purchased each time, etc.).

Section 12 NON-FOOD EXPENDITURES & INVENTORY OF DURABLE GOODS
12A DAILY EXPENSES
12B ANNUAL EXPENSES
12C INVENTORY OF DURABLE GOODS
12D EXPENSES FOR REMITTANCES

Section 12 collects information on non-food household expenditures from the household member identified in Section 7 as the one most able to answer non-food expenditure questions. In section 12A respondents were asked to recall the amount spent since the first interview (approximately two weeks) on daily expenses such as lottery tickets, cigarettes, soap, personal care products, cooking fuel, matches and candles, and gasoline. In section 12B expenditure data, both in the last two weeks and the last twelve months, were collected for shoes, cloth, clothing, home repairs, public transport, paper supplies, kitchen equipment, medical services, domestic servants, jewelry, entertainment and other goods (see household questionnaire). Purchase price, year of purchase, and resale value of durable goods owned were collected in Section 12C. [ Earlier versions of the data contained two variables instead of a single one for question number 3. This was the form in which data were received from Hanoi. The reason purchase price information was coded in two variables was because there was a devaluation in 1986, and so purchase price information from years before 1986, if coded in thousands of dongs, would appear very small. Data were therefore presented in two variables with the first one representing thousands of dongs, and the second one representing amounts less than a thousand dongs. These variables have now been combined so that the most recent version of the data contain a single variable for purchase price in thousands of dongs.]

Relation and location of the recipients of remittances sent out from the household are noted in Section 12D (remittances received by the household are recorded in Section 13A).

Section 13 OTHER INCOME
13A INCOME FROM REMITTANCES
13B MISCELLANEOUS INCOME

Section 13 collects data on money and goods that come into the household as remittances or from other sources unrelated to employment, such as employee welfare funds, dowries, sale of consumer durables, rental of buildings, etc.

Section 14 CREDIT AND SAVING
14A MONEY AND GOODS LENT AND BORROWED
14B LOANS CONTRACTED
14C SAVINGS

Section 14 collects information on the amount of indebtedness of household members to people or institutions outside the household. If money or goods have been borrowed, or borrowed and repaid by any household member in the last twelve months, information is collected on those loans, including the source and amount of the loan, interest, side payments, collateral, repayment schedule, reason for borrowing, and number of loans from the same source. The household is asked to list different types of savings, if any, including bank deposits, bonds, cash (dong), US dollars, gold and value of paddy. The respondent is also asked the total value of all savings accounts.

Section 15 ANTHROPOMETRICS

Anthropometric measurements are completed for each household member. Data were collected on the household member’s age, gender, date of measurement, weight, height, and arm circumference. It was also noted if female respondents were pregnant or breastfeeding. If a person was not measured the reason why is noted.

COMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE

A Community questionnaire was administered by the team supervisor and completed with the help of village chiefs, teachers, government officials and health care workers. The questionnaire was administered only in rural areas, i.e. commune numbers 1 to 120.

Section 1 (DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION) includes the population of the community, a list of principal ethnic groups and religions, the length of time the community has existed and whether or not it has grown. Section 2 (ECONOMY AND NFRASTRUCTURE) questions include a list of principal economic activities, access to a motorable road, electricity, pipe-borne water, restaurant or food stall, post office, bank, daily market and public transport. There are also questions on employment, migration for jobs, and the existence of community development projects. Section 3 (EDUCATION) asks distance to primary and middle schools. For up to three primary schools, the nearest middle school and the nearest secondary school, information is obtained on whether it is public or private, whether it is for boys or girls, or both, how many classes there are, and when it was built. Enrollment rates and reasons why children do not attend school are also collected. Section 4 (HEALTH) collects data on distance and travel time to the nearest of each of several types of health workers (doctor, nurse, pharmacist, midwife, family planning worker, community health worker, traditional birth attendant and traditional healer) and each type of several types of health facilities (hospital, dispensary, pharmacy, maternity home, health post and family planning clinic). The questions in Section 5 (AGRICULTURE) include the type of crops grown in the community, how often and when they are planted and harvested, and how the harvest is generally sold. This section also includes questions on the availability of an extension center, agricultural cooperatives, and machinery, and
questions on the use of pesticides and irrigation. Data are also gathered on the local land market and agricultural and non-agricultural wages in the community.

PRICE QUESTIONNAIRE

In rural areas (commune numbers 1 to 120), price data were collected by the team supervisor for 36 food items, 31 nonfood items, 9 medicines, 7 insecticides/fertilizers, and 5 types of services from local markets. Three separate observations were made and these did not necessarily involve actual purchases. In some communes fewer than 3 observations were made, either because of a lack of three distinct markets, or for some other reason. A separate set of prices are available for urban areas (commune numbers 121 to 150). These were collected by the General Statistical Office as part of a separate effort to construct price indices in Viet Nam, and their values appear to be comparable to those of the rural prices.

摘要
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VNLSS的主要目标是收集反映人口实际生活水平的基层数据。这些数据将用于评估社会经济发展和制定提高生活水平的政策。以下是到2000年实现的主要目标。
- 将人口增长率降低至每年2%以下
- 将婴儿死亡率（5岁以下）从1990年的0.81%降低至0.55%；并将1岁以下的死亡率从1990年的0.46%降低至0.3%
- 降低孕产妇死亡率
- 将5岁以下儿童的营养不良率从目前的51.5%降低至1995年的40%，并在2000年降至30%。到2000年，不应存在严重营养不良的情况
- 人口能够从43%（1990年）增加到82%的安全水资源，其中40%至80%在农村地区。人口使用卫生厕所的比例从22%（1990年）增加到65%，其中农村地区从15%增加到60%
- 90%的儿童在15岁之前完成初级教育，其余应完成三年级。到2000年，15岁的儿童将不再是文盲
- 提高儿童的文化和精神生活，确保到1995年有30%的公社拥有娱乐场所，到2000年有50%的公社拥有娱乐场所

调查收集的主要信息包括：
- 家庭收入和支出
- 健康和教育
- 就业和其他生产和活动
- 人口特征和迁移
- 住房条件

此外，收集到的信息旨在改善越南经济和社会政策的规划，并协助评估政策的影响。它应使决策者能够：
- 确定政府援助的目标群体
- 构建社会经济政策模型，包括整体和个体群体
- 分析现有决策和当前经济状况对家庭生活状况的影响

地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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- 家庭
- 个人
- 社区
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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样本设计
样本覆盖越南所有地区的4800户家庭。样本设计为自加权，这意味着越南的每户家庭都有相同的被选中的概率。总体抽样框架分为两组：城市和农村，每组分别进行抽样（层）。大约20%的越南家庭居住在城市地区，因此样本分层确保选中的家庭中也有20%来自城市地区。在城市和农村地区，分别绘制了所有公社的两份名单（一份为城市公社，另一份为农村公社），按省份按“之”字形顺序排列。选择名单中公社的目的是确保它们在越南所有省份中分布均匀。

VNLSS的样本设计如下。在越南的每个省份，农村地区可以分解为区，区再划分为公社（Xa）。所有省份的城市地区由中心/城镇组成，这些城镇分为区（Quai），然后进一步划分为公社（Phuong）。越南所有城市和农村公社的总数约为10,000个，每个的平均人口约为6,500。如第4节所述，每个调查队覆盖32户家庭，在4周内完成，每处16户，另一处16户。为了方便起见，所有32户家庭（即两套16户家庭）都从同一公社中选择。这意味着需要随机选择150个公社（32x150=4800），其中30个在城市地区，120个在农村地区。在城市地区，公社可以进一步划分为集群（Cum），从中选择两个集群，从中抽取两个“工作量”的16户家庭（每个集群16户）。在农村地区，每个公社划分为几个村庄（Thon）。城市集群和农村村庄的平均家庭数量略少于1000户。

VNLSS的样本在三个阶段抽取。由于河内国家统计局知道越南每个公社的当前人口（但不知道每个公社内的每个集群或村庄），从10,000个公社中随机选择了150个，选择的概率与它们的规模成正比。在第二阶段，收集了150个选中的公社中每个集群（在城市地区）或村庄（在农村地区）的人口信息，并随机抽取了两个集群或村庄，选择的概率与它们的人口成正比。最后，在第三阶段，从每个集群或村庄的所有家庭名单中随机选择了20户家庭（16户用于样本，4户作为“额外”的替换，以防16户“原始”样本中有一些无法接受访谈），每个集群或村庄的样本是从所有家庭中随机选择的。

实施

附图显示了在越南选择的150个公社的公社编号和大致位置。在150个选中的公社中，有一个位于靠近中国边境的一个非常偏远且难以到达的地区，因此被另一个不太难到达的地区所取代。实际的访谈日程安排顺利。在一个实例（公社68）中，一个选定的村庄被替换，因为当调查队到达村庄时，发现大多数成年人都不在村庄，因此无法接受访谈。在每个集群或村庄，对16户家庭进行了访谈，因此完全实现了4800户家庭的样本目标。大约3%的家庭（155户）被替换；替换的主要原因是因为家庭成员不在家。只有4户家庭拒绝参加。对所有120个农村公社完成了社区问卷。对120个公社中的118个（例外是公社62和63）完成了价格问卷，并从现有来源收集了所有30个城市的可比价格数据。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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家庭问卷
家庭问卷包含模块（部分），用于收集家庭人口结构、教育、健康、就业、迁移、住房条件、生育、农业活动、家庭非农业业务、食品支出、非食品支出、汇款和其他收入来源、储蓄和贷款以及人体测量（身高和体重）数据。

对于某些部分（调查信息、住房和第二次访问的受访者）由被家庭成员指定的户主提供回答。对于其他部分（农业活动、非农自营职业、食品支出和非食品支出），由被识别为最了解情况的成员提供回答。不同部分的受访者识别码表明谁提供了信息。在收集到的信息涉及个人的部分（教育、健康、就业、迁移和生育）中，要求家庭中的每个成员为自己或自己提供回答，除非父母可以代表年幼的孩子回答。在就业和生育部分，可能不是相关的人提供了信息；这些部分中的变量表明何时发生这种情况。家庭问卷在两周的两次访谈中完成：第0-8节在第一次访谈中进行，第9-14节在第二次访谈中进行，第15节在两次访谈中均进行。调查的设计使得更敏感的问题，如信贷和储蓄，在接近结束时讨论。以下是每个模块内容的简要描述。
I. 第一次访谈
第0节 调查信息
0A 户主和受访者信息
0B 调查结果概要
0C 观察和评论

访谈日期、户主的宗教、民族、受访者使用的语言以及其他与访谈相关的技术信息被记录。第0B节总结了调查访问的结果，即是否在第一次访问或第二次访问中完成了某个部分。第0C节（未输入计算机）包含访谈员和主管的评论。由于第0C节的数据仅保留在问卷上，研究人员无法在没有检查河内国家统计局的原卷的情况下访问这些数据。
第1节 家庭成员
1A 家庭成员名单
1B 家庭成员父母信息
1C 在其他地方居住的儿童

第1A节中的名单列出了在前一晚在该家庭住宿以及暂时离家在家的家庭成员的年龄、性别、婚姻状况和与户主的关系。户主排在第一位，获得个人ID代码1。家庭成员被定义为“通常在这个住宅中生活和共同进餐的所有人。那些在过去十二个月中缺席超过九个月的人被排除在外，除非是户主和不满三个月的婴儿。问卷中提供了农历，以帮助受访者回忆他们出生的年份和月份。对于已婚且配偶居住在户中的个体，记录配偶的个人ID号码。这样，可以通过适当合并名单和其他部分的调查信息来收集配偶的信息。

第1B节收集所有家庭成员父母的信息。对于居住在户中的父母，记录父母的个人ID号码，可以通过适当合并其他部分的调查信息来获取信息。对于不居住在户中的个体，记录每个父母是否健在，以及他们的教育和职业。在第1C节中收集居住在其他地方的户成员的孩子的信息。这项信息仅收集30岁以下的儿童。已故的儿童不包括在内。所有活着的儿童都被列出，以及他们的父亲和母亲的个人ID号码（如果父母居住在户中）。然后记录每个此类儿童的年龄、教育和当前居住地。

第2节 教育
在第2节，收集了所有学前年龄及以上家庭成员的自我报告的读写能力和学校出席、完成和当前入学情况。学前年龄的解释似乎有所不同，结果是一些学龄前儿童的教育信息可用，但并非所有学龄前儿童都包含在本节中。但6岁及以上年龄段的信息几乎适用于所有人，因此可以说，关于学校的数据适用于6岁及以上的人。对于在调查时正在上学的个体，还收集了学校出席、距离、旅行时间、费用和奖学金的信息。

第3节 健康
在本节中，收集了所有家庭成员在访谈日期前的4周内经历的任何疾病或伤害的数据。对于报告在过去的4周内生病的个体，收集了疾病持续时间和类型、寻求护理的类型、距离卫生提供者、旅行时间和药物和咨询的费用。询问所有个体，在过去4周内是否曾生病，如果生病，他们在上一年的医疗保健上花费了多少。应世界卫生组织的要求，对6岁及以上的人询问了有关吸烟的几个问题。

第4节 就业
4A 工作类型和求职
4B 过去七天的主要工作
4C 过去七天的主要工作
4D 寻找额外就业
4E 过去十二个月的主要工作
4F 就业历史
4G 过去十二个月的次要工作
4H 其他活动

所有6岁及以上的人都必须回答第4节的经济活动问题，从询问他们在过去七天的工作性质开始。对于在过去的七天没有工作的个体，收集了求职和未寻求就业的原因的数据。对于过去七天的工作，收集了小时数、就业长度、雇主类型、税收、距离和旅行时间、金钱和实物补偿以及福利的信息。对过去七天的主要工作也提出了类似的问题。如果过去七天的主要工作与过去七天的主要或次要工作不同，则对该工作的完整问题集进行了回答。收集了在过去的12个月中，与过去12个月的主要工作之前的工作相关的职业和就业年数。再次，如果过去12个月中有与其他工作不同的次要工作，则收集了工作条件和补偿数据。收集了每个7岁及以上的家庭成员从事家务的时间天数和小时数。

家庭问卷中没有提供职业和就业部门代码。无法确定这些代码代表的特定职业，但可以根据代码的顺序确定它们所属的广泛分类（例如，建筑、运输、仓储、通信等）。因此，可以将它们视为广泛分类中的“其他职业”。最后，基本信息文件附录F中的最后4个代码，即X、X-1、X-2和X-3，在数据中分别表示为0、-1、-2和-3。从这些代码中删除了X，以便变量可以作为数值变量存储。

第5节 迁移
所有15岁及以上的家庭成员都回答了第5节关于迁移的问题。如果不在当前居住地出生，受访者被问及出生地是村庄、城镇、城市或其他。记录此类个体离开出生地的年龄以及离开的主要原因。此外，个体还被问及来到当前居住地的主要原因，来自哪个地区来到当前居住地，以及前一个居住地是村庄、城镇还是城市。最后，受访者被问及在其一生中居住了超过三个月的地点数量。

第6节 住房
6A 住房类型
6B 住房费用
6C 住房特征

第6节包含了所有受访家庭的住房类型、住房费用和住房特征信息。收集了住宅中的房间数量、所有权状况、墙体材料、屋顶材料、水源、厕所类型、公用事业费用和居住面积。无论住宅是自有还是租赁，都要求受访者提供住宅的转售价值。本节还包含了关于烹饪燃料类型、收集木材的时间和距离以及它是否是家庭的主要烹饪燃料的信息。

第7节 第二次访问（第二次访谈）选定的受访者
在第7节中，第一次访谈的主要受访者被要求识别：1）最了解家庭所有农业和畜牧业活动的家庭成员；2）负责购买食品的家庭成员；3）最了解家庭其他支出、收入和储蓄的家庭成员。受访者还被要求识别家庭拥有的三个最重要的企业和贸易，以及最了解它们的家庭成员。最后，从15岁至49岁的妇女中随机选择一位，让她回答生育模块。原则上，在本节中确定为后续部分访谈的人员应该是那些实际接受访谈的人员。虽然这在许多家庭中是正确的，但在某些情况下，农业、食品支出和非食品支出部分的受访者与在本节中识别的受访者不同。这是可能的，如果被识别的人在完成该部分时不在场（例如，家庭的第二次访问）。

第8节 生育
8A 生育历史
8B 家庭规划

在每个家庭中，第7节中随机选择的15-49岁妇女回答了第8节的问题。如果一个家庭没有这个年龄段的妇女，则不完成第8节。如果受访者表示曾经怀孕，则询问她是否曾经分娩。回答表示怀孕的妇女被问及她所生的所有孩子的出生日期和性别，包括未存活的儿童。如果儿童未存活，则询问该儿童存活了多长时间。询问妇女关于她最后孩子的出生和哺乳，她结婚的年龄以及她有多少次流产。第8B节收集有关六种现代和六种传统家庭规划方法的了解、使用、来源和成本的信息。

II. 第二次访谈
第9节 农牧业活动
9A1 农业土地
9A2 林地
9A3 出售或购买土地
9A4 空地、光秃山、土地复垦
9A5 农业税收
9B1 水稻
9B2 其他粮食作物
9B3 年度工业作物
9B4 永久性工业作物
9B5 水果作物
9B6 林木
9C 作物副产品
9D 农业投入
9E 家庭种植作物的转换
9F 家畜
9G 其他动物产品
9H 养殖/种植水产品
9I 家畜扩展服务
9J 家畜支出
9K 手工工具
9L 农业机械

第9节中，受访者是第7节中识别为最了解家庭农业和畜牧业活动的家庭成员。大多数问题涉及过去十二个月。这是家庭问卷中最大的部分，包含许多子部分，包含有关农业生产和相关畜牧业活动的不同方面的信息——统称为农牧业活动。

第9A1至9A5收集了家庭对不同类型土地的控制权信息。这些包括由公社分配的土地、拍卖的土地、私人持有的土地、租赁/共耕土地和刀耕火种土地。在每种情况下，获取总土地面积、灌溉土地面积和使用土地的支付信息。对于年度作物土地，还获取了土地质量的信息。类似的信息也获取了水田、受控林地、从光秃山恢复的土地、新耕土地和路边/河边的土地。在这些部分中，还获取了土地购买和销售的信息，以及家庭支付的土地税。

第9B1至9B6包含了家庭种植的所有作物的详细产量信息。这些信息分别针对每种作物获取，包括（在大多数情况下）产量、产量价值、在市场上销售和给合作社的数量、留作种子的数量、喂养家畜的数量和作为礼物赠送的数量。在水稻的情况下，分别获取夏季作物、冬季作物和秋季作物的信息。应记住，尽管获取了家庭种植的每种作物的信息，但无法将土地所有权（和规模）的信息与产量信息联系起来，以确定种植某种作物的土地的所有权结构——除非家庭在其耕种的土地上只种植一种作物。

第9C节包含了作物副产品的信息。

第9D节获取了所有种植的作物的人力、肥料、农药和运输的详细信息。这些信息也是针对每种作物获取的，并且理论上可以通过通过匹配家庭代码和作物代码将数据集进行匹配，以与之前部分中的产量信息联系起来。获取其他投入的信息，如雇佣劳动力、包装和储存成本等，是按每个家庭汇总获取的。本节还收集了家庭消费和使用农业扩展服务的其他作物特定信息。

第9E节包含了随后出售的自种作物的信息。这包括销售产量的数据，参与生产过程的家庭成员的代码，销售次数，销售收入和生产成本。

第9F节收集了家庭消费或产生收入的家畜、家禽和其他动物的信息。这些数据包括当前拥有的家畜清单、出生、销售、消费、赠送或丢失的数量，以及家庭购买的家畜数量。还包括当前库存的价值、销售收入和购买成本。

第9G节收集了奶、蛋、丝绸、粪便等动物产品的信息。这里的信息仅限于销售收入。

第9H节收集了类似信息的水产品（鱼、虾等）。

第9I节收集了家畜扩展服务的信息，第9J节包含了家畜支出的信息。最后，第9L和9K收集了家庭拥有的工具和农业机械的数据。

第10节 非农自营职业
10A 工作条件
10B 支出
10C 收入
10D 企业资产

第10节收集了家庭经营的三家最重要的企业。每个企业的受访者是第7节中识别的最熟悉其运营的家庭成员。收集了每个企业的所有权、员工数量和员工补偿类型。对每个企业，收集了过去12个月在工资、原材料和税收上的支出。受访者被问及从销售中获得多少金钱和商品，以及自第一次访谈以来家庭消费了多少企业产品。还收集了在过去12个月中所有权、销售和购买资产（建筑、土地、车辆、工具和其他耐用消费品）的信息。

第11节 食品支出和家务生产
11A 假日支出
11B 正常支出

在第11A节中，收集了在节假日（主要是春节、1月15日、7月15日、中秋节和独立日）支出的金额。此类支出信息的食品项目范围小于第11B节中获取的信息范围。将假日支出与正常支出分开的原因，与标准LSMS调查格式不同，是为了考虑到越南的春节通常会显著偏离正常支出模式——尤其是异常高额的支出。

第11B节收集了45种食品的市场购买和家务生产的详细消费信息。从访谈员第一次访问以来获取了支出信息。对于更长的回忆期（12个月），获取了在过去12个月中每种食品被购买的月份数量，在这个月份内购买的次数，每次购买的数量和每次购买的价值。这四项信息可以结合起来，以获取访谈日期前12个月的总食品支出。请注意，这实际上是一种变量回忆程序，因为受访者提供的购买信息的回忆期可能因两种食品而异，以及因受访者而异。

除了市场购买（包括易货贸易）外，还收集了家务生产的消费信息。再次获取了每种食品被消费的月份数量，但与市场