Global gridded (0.5° × 0.5°) vertical land motions derived by reconstructing GNSS vertical displacement

This dataset presents a global, gridded (0.5° × 0.5°) monthly loading-driven vertical land motion product from Sep 2002 to Oct 2025. The dataset was created by integrating vertical displacements from 17,376 GNSS stations with data about multiple loading drivers—including GRACE-derived mass redistribution, atmospheric pressure and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA)—within a data-driven framework. Therefore, this VLM dataset represents the observed response of the solid Earth to these loading drivers and is comparable to Earth model simulations of loading effects induced by surface mass redistribution. We expect this dataset to outperform traditional elastic and viscoelastic Earth models in capturing non-elastic processes, such as nonrecoverable aquifer compaction (poroelastic deformation) induced by groundwater abstraction and permanent soil compaction associated with urban development.