Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2007 - Vanuatu

Abstract
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The Vanuatu Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey - 2007 has the following primary objectives:
1. To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women both at national and sub-national (provincial and urban/rural) levels.
2. To furnish data needed for monitoring progress towards goals established by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the goals of A World Fit for Children (WFFC) as a basis for future action.
3. To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems, and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation and analysis of such systems.

Geographic coverage
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National

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for MICS Vanuatu - 2007 is a probability-based, stratified cluster sample of 3000 households. They were selected in 120 clusters, each of size 25 households. The sample was designed with the intention of providing reliable estimates for the key MICS indicators at the national level and also for urban and rural areas separately, as well as for the 6 Provinces of Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea and Torba. Port Vila under Shefa Province and Luganville under Sanma province are the two major cities considered as two domains under the urban stratum. The Shefa and Sanma provinces mentioned here exclude these two cities of corresponding provinces and bear rural character. The entire areas of all other provinces are considered as rural. The sample was allocated to the provinces/cities and by urban-rural in an optimum fashion to secure enough sample cases in each domain for reliable estimates to be obtained. That is, independent samples for each domain (6 provinces and 2 cities) made it equivalent to 8 separate surveys to produce valid estimates for each domain simultaneously. National, and urban and rural estimates are obtained by combining these provincial data.

The sample frame was the enumeration areas (EA) that made up the 1999 Population Census of Vanuatu, which had been updated in the 2006 Agricultural Census. Primary sampling units, or PSUs, were defined as either single EA or combinations of EAs. Combining EA was necessary whenever an EA contained fewer than 25 households, because the cluster size to be interviewed was set at 25 households as mentioned above.

The sample was selected in two stages.

Detailed sampling procedure is available in "Section 2. Sample and Survey Methodology" of the final report.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Three questionnaires were used in the survey: These were: 1) the Household Questionnaire, 2) the Questionnaire for Individual Women aged 15-49, and 3) the Questionnaire for Children under-five.

• Household Questionnaire: The Household Questionnaire was used to collect information about all de-jure household members, the household and the dwelling of each interviewed household. The respondent for this questionnaire was the head of household or other adult member who lives in the household and was capable of providing information as required in the questionnaire. The household questionnaire included modules for the household information panel, household listing form, education, water and sanitation, household characteristics, malaria prevention, salt iodization and nutrition information for household.

• Questionnaire for Individual Women: The Questionnaire for Individual Women was administered to all women aged 15-49 living in each surveyed household. This questionnaire included the modules for the women's information panel, child mortality, tetanus toxoid, maternal and newborn health, marriage/union, security of tenure, contraceptive, HIV/AIDS and nutrition information for women.

• Questionnaire for Children Under-five: The Questionnaire for Children Under-five was administered to mothers or caretakers of children under-5 years of age living in each surveyed household. Normally, the questionnaire was administered to mothers of under-5 children; in case, when the mother was not listed in the household roster, a primary caretaker for the child was identified and interviewed. This questionnaire included the modules for under-five child information panel, child development, birth registration and early learning, breastfeeding, care of illness, malaria and it’s prevention, immunization, anthropometry and nutrition information for children.

The last modules of all three MICS questionnaires were related to the additional nutrition component of the survey. The questionnaires were developed on the basis of the MICS-3 model questionnaires in English language and were translated into Vanuatu national language, Bislama, and back translation was done to ensure the accuracy of the translation. The questionnaires were pre-tested. Based on the results of the pre-test, modifications were made to the wording of the questions, the response categories, and the key words.

In addition to administration of questionnaires, the survey teams tested the salt used for cooking in the households for iodine content by UNICEF recommended salt testing kit and measured the weights (by Uniscale with 100 grams graduation, SECA) and heights (by SHORR board, Maryland, USA) of children of age under 5 years. Details and findings of these measurements are provided in the respective sections of the report.

Cleaning operations
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Completed questionnaires were checked in the field by supervisors and were sent to Port Vila for processing. In Port Vila, data entry personnel checked each questionnaire again to make sure that it had been correctly completed and all parts are consistently filled-in.

Data were entered on 6 microcomputers by 6 data entry operators and 2 data entry supervisors using CSPro software under direct supervision of data manager. In order to ensure quality, all the questionnaires were double entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programs developed using CSPro software under the global MICS-3 project that was adapted to Vanuatu questionnaires and was reviewed by the NYHQ before data entry.

Data entry and processing began in November 10, 2007 and was completed in January 31, 2008, while revisit data were processed during 08-15 April, 2008. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software, version 14 and the model syntax and tabulation plan developed by UNICEF for this purpose.
Non-response rate for the women age group 15-19 was quite high and, hence, a post survey adjustment was carried out for non-response by weighting through post-stratification.

Data that were available for the additional nutrition component of the survey during the processing of MICS data were processed with the MICS data. But after getting the laboratory results, all data are processed and analysed separately.

Response rate
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Of the 2,963 households selected for the sample, 2,959 were found to be occupied. Among the occupied households, 2,632 were successfully interviewed with a household response rate of 89 percent. In the interviewed households, 3,261 eligible women (aged 15-49) were identified for interview and 2,692 were successfully interviewed, giving women response rate of 83 percent. Among the interviewed households, 1,741 under-five children were identified. Of them, mothers/caretakers of 1,634 children were successfully interviewed, yielding children response rate of 94 percent. The overall response rates of women and children were found to be 73 percent and 84 percent respectively.

The sample response rates vary to some extent by urban-rural areas and by provinces. Urban area shows higher response rate for household and children than those of rural area. However, there is little variation in women response rate between rural and urban area. The response rate varied widely among the provinces/urban domains. The household response rate ranges from 71 percent in Sanma to as high as 99 percent in Port Vila. Women's response rate varies from 76 percent in Malampa to 89 percent in Penama and Sanma. Children’s response rate vary in a narrow range among the provinces/domains, with 90 percent in Luganville to 97 percent in Sanma and Torba.

Sampling error estimates
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The sample of respondents selected in the Vanuatu Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey results.

The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators:
- Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc). Standard error is the square root of the variance. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors.
- Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator
- Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.
- Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistics will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (p + 2.se or p – 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, SPSS Version 14 Complex Samples module has been used. The results are shown in the tables that follow. In addition to the sampling error measures described above, the tables also include weighted and unweighted counts of denominators for each indicator.

Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national total, for the regions, and for urban and rural areas. Three of the selected indicators are based on households, 8 are based on household members, 13 are based on women, and 15 are based on children under 5. These results are available in Appendix C of the final report.

摘要
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瓦努阿图多指标集群调查（2007年）的主要目标如下：
1. 提供最新信息，以评估国家及次国家（省级和城市/乡村）层面儿童和妇女的状况。
2. 提供所需数据，以监测实现千年发展目标（MDGs）和《适合儿童的世界》目标（WFFC）的进展，作为未来行动的基础。
3. 贡献于数据与监测系统的改进，并加强在设计、实施和分析此类系统中的技术专长。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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MICS瓦努阿图-2007的样本为基于概率的、分层集群样本，共3000户家庭。这些家庭被选入120个集群，每个集群25户家庭。样本设计旨在为国家层面的关键MICS指标提供可靠估计，同时为城市和乡村地区分别以及6个省份（Malampa、Penama、Sanma、Shefa、Tafea和Torba）提供可靠估计。Shefa省下的维拉港和Sanma省下的卢甘维尔被视为城市层级的两个主要城市，作为两个领域。此处提到的Shefa和Sanma省不包括这两个城市，具有乡村特征。所有其他省份的整个地区均被视为乡村。样本以最佳方式分配到省份/城市和城乡，以确保每个领域都有足够的样本案例，以获得可靠的估计。也就是说，每个领域（6个省份和2个城市）的独立样本相当于8个单独的调查，以同时为每个领域产生有效估计。国家、城市和乡村估计是通过结合这些省级数据获得的。
样本框是构成1999年瓦努阿图人口普查的普查区（EA），这些普查区在2006年农业普查中得到更新。初级抽样单位（PSU）被定义为单个普查区或普查区的组合。当普查区包含少于25户家庭时，需要组合普查区，因为上述提到的访谈集群大小被设定为25户家庭。
样本分为两个阶段。详细的抽样程序见最终报告的“第2节 样本和调查方法”。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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调查中使用了三个问卷：1）家庭问卷，2）15-49岁女性问卷，以及3）5岁以下儿童问卷。
• 家庭问卷：家庭问卷用于收集有关所有法定家庭成员、家庭及其居住地的信息。此问卷的受访者为户主或其他居住在家庭中且能够提供问卷所需信息的成年家庭成员。家庭问卷包括家庭信息面板、家庭名单表、教育、水资源和卫生、家庭特征、疟疾预防、食盐碘化和家庭营养信息模块。
• 女性问卷：女性问卷针对每个调查家庭中所有15-49岁的女性进行。此问卷包括女性信息面板、儿童死亡率、破伤风毒素、母婴健康、婚姻/伴侣、居住权、避孕、HIV/AIDS和女性营养信息模块。
• 5岁以下儿童问卷：5岁以下儿童问卷针对每个调查家庭中5岁以下儿童的的母亲或监护人进行。通常，问卷由5岁以下儿童的母亲填写；如果母亲未列入家庭名单，则确定一名主要监护人并对其进行访谈。此问卷包括5岁以下儿童信息面板、儿童发展、出生登记和早期学习、母乳喂养、疾病护理、疟疾及其预防、免疫接种、人体测量学和儿童营养信息模块。
所有三个MICS问卷的最后模块都与调查的附加营养组件相关。问卷基于英语语言的MICS-3模型问卷制定，并翻译成瓦努阿图国家语言Bislama，并进行了回译以确保翻译的准确性。问卷进行了预测试。根据预测试的结果，对问题的措辞、回答类别和关键词进行了修改。
除了问卷的填写外，调查团队还使用联合国儿童基金会推荐的盐测试套件测试家庭中用于烹饪的盐的碘含量，并测量了5岁以下儿童的体重（使用Uniscale，100克刻度，SECA）和身高（使用美国马里兰州SHORR板）。这些测量的详细信息和结果见报告的相关部分。
数据清理操作
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完成的问卷在实地由监督员进行检查，并送往维拉港进行处理。在维拉港，数据录入人员再次检查每份问卷，以确保其已正确填写且所有部分均已一致填写。
6名数据录入操作员和2名数据录入监督员使用CSPro软件在数据经理的直接监督下在6台微型计算机上录入数据。为确保质量，所有问卷都进行了双重录入，并执行了内部一致性检查。使用CSPro软件开发的程序和标准程序在MICS-3全球项目下进行，该项目适用于瓦努阿图问卷，并在数据录入前由NYHQ进行审查。
数据录入和处理始于2007年11月10日，并于2008年1月31日完成，而回顾数据则在2008年4月8日至15日进行处理。数据使用社会科学统计软件包（SPSS）软件版本14进行分析，该软件包使用了联合国儿童基金会为此目的开发的模型语法和表格计划。
15-19岁女性的非响应率相当高，因此，通过后分层加权对非响应进行了后调查调整。
在处理MICS数据期间，可用于调查附加营养组件的数据与MICS数据一起处理。但在获得实验室结果后，所有数据都分别进行处理和分析。
响应率
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在选定的2,963个样本家庭中，发现2,959个家庭有人居住。在有人居住的家庭中，成功访谈了2,632户，家庭响应率为89％。在访谈的家庭中，确定了3,261名符合条件的女性（年龄在15-49岁之间）进行访谈，其中2,692名成功访谈，女性响应率为83％。在访谈的家庭中，确定了1,741名5岁以下儿童。其中，1,634名儿童的母亲/监护人的访谈成功，儿童响应率为94％。女性和儿童的总体响应率分别为73％和84％。
样本响应率在城市和乡村地区以及省份之间略有差异。城市地区的家庭和儿童响应率高于乡村地区。然而，农村和城市地区之间的女性响应率差异很小。省份/城市领域的响应率差异很大。家庭响应率在Sanma省为71％，在Port Vila高达99％。女性的响应率在Malampa省为76％，在Penama省和Sanma省为89％。儿童响应率在省份/领域之间变化很小，在Luganville为90％，在Sanma和Torba为97％。
抽样误差估计
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从瓦努阿图多指标集群调查中选出的受访者样本只是从同一人口中选出、使用相同设计和规模的众多样本之一。这些样本中的每一个都会产生与实际样本选择的结果略有不同的结果。抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本之间差异的指标。差异的程度并不完全清楚，但可以从调查结果中统计估计。
在本附录中，为每个选定的指标提供了以下抽样误差指标：
- 标准误差（se）：抽样误差通常以特定指标（均值、比例等）的标准误差来衡量。标准误差是方差的平方根。使用泰勒线性化方法进行标准误差的估计。
- 变异系数（se/r）是标准误差与指标值的比率
- 设计效应（deff）是在调查中使用的抽样方法下，指标的实际方差与在简单随机抽样假设下计算的方差的比率。设计效应的平方根（deft）用于显示样本设计的效率。deft值为1.0表示样本设计与简单随机样本一样有效，而deft值大于1.0表示由于使用了更复杂的样本设计而增加了标准误差。
- 置信限用于显示真实值可能落在其中的区间。对于从调查中计算出的任何给定统计量，该统计量的值将在所有可能样本中相同大小和设计的95％样本的标准误差的两倍范围内（p + 2.se或p – 2.se）。
对于从MICS数据中计算抽样误差，使用了SPSS版本14的复杂数据模块。结果见下表。除了上述抽样误差指标外，表格还包括每个指标的加权和不加权分母计数。
为主要感兴趣的指标、国家总计、地区以及城市和乡村地区计算了抽样误差。选定的三个指标基于家庭，8个基于家庭成员，13个基于女性，15个基于5岁以下儿童。这些结果可在最终报告的附录C中找到。