European Social Survey 2016, Round 8 - Austria, Belgium, Switzerland...and 20 more

Abstract
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The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically-driven multi-country survey, which has been administered in over 30 countries to date. Its three aims are, firstly - to monitor and interpret changing public attitudes and values within Europe and to investigate how they interact with Europe's changing institutions, secondly - to advance and consolidate improved methods of cross-national survey measurement in Europe and beyond, and thirdly - to develop a series of European social indicators, including attitudinal indicators.

In the eighth round, the survey covers 23 countries and employs the most rigorous methodologies. From Round 7 it is funded by the Members, Observers and Guests of ESS European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ESS ERIC) who represent national governments. Participating countries directly fund the central coordination costs of the ESS ERIC, as well the costs of fieldwork and national coordination in their own country.

The survey involves strict random probability sampling, a minimum target response rate of 70% and rigorous translation protocols. The hour-long face-to-face interview includes questions on a variety of core topics repeated from previous rounds of the survey and also two modules developed for Round 8 covering Public Attitudes to Climate Change, Energy Security, and Energy Preferences and Welfare Attitudes in a Changing Europe (the latter is a partial repeat of a module from Round 4).

Geographic coverage
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1) European Union countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom
2) Non-European Union countries: Iceland, Israel, Norway, Russian Federation, Switzerland

Analysis unit
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Individuals

Universe
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All persons aged 15 and over, residing within private households, regardless of their nationality, citizenship, language or legal status, in participating countries.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Sampling procedure varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on how sampling was conducted in each of the 23 countries.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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Austria - structured questionnaires in German
Belgium - structured questionnaires in Dutch, French
Czech Republic - structured questionnaires in Czech
Estonia - structured questionnaires in Estonian, Russian
Finland - structured questionnaires in Finnish, Swedish
France - structured questionnaires in French
Germany - structured questionnaires in German
Hungary - structured questionnaires in Hungarian
Iceland - structured questionnaires in Icelandic
Ireland - structured questionnaires in English (we had produced a localised Polish language survey, but all Polish households participated using English)
Israel - structured questionnaires in Hebrew, Arabic and Russian
Italy - structured questionnaires in Italian
Lithuania - structured questionnaires in Lithuanian and Russian
Netherlands - structured questionnaires in Dutch
Norway - structured questionnaires in Norwegian
Poland - structured questionnaires in Polish
Portugal - structured questionnaires in Portuguese
Russian Federation - structured questionnaires in Russian
Slovenia - structured questionnaires in Slovenian
Sweden - structured questionnaires in Swedish
Spain - structured questionnaires in Spanish and Catalan
Switzerland - structured questionnaires in German/Swiss-German, French, Italian
United Kingdom - structured questionnaires in English

Response rate
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Response rate varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on the response rate in each of the 23 countries.

摘要
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欧洲社会调查（ESS）是一项由学术界驱动的多国调查，迄今为止已在超过30个国家进行。其三项目标包括：首先，监测和解读欧洲公众态度与价值观的变化，并探究其与欧洲不断变迁的制度的相互作用；其次，在欧洲乃至更广泛的范围内，推进和巩固跨国调查测量的改进方法；第三，开发一系列欧洲社会指标，包括态度指标。
在第八轮调查中，调查覆盖了23个国家，并采用了最严格的调查方法。自第七轮起，调查由欧洲社会调查欧洲研究基础设施联合体（ESS ERIC）的成员、观察员和客人资助，他们代表各国政府。参与国家直接资助ESS ERIC的中心协调成本，以及他们在本国进行的实地工作和国家协调的成本。
调查涉及严格的随机概率抽样，最低目标回应率为70%，并采用严格的翻译协议。长达一小时的面对面访谈包括关于各种核心问题，这些问题在调查的前几轮中均有涉及，以及第八轮为气候变化、能源安全和欧洲能源偏好及福利态度而开发的两个模块（后者是第四轮模块的部分重复）。
地理覆盖范围
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1) 欧盟国家：奥地利、比利时、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、匈牙利、爱尔兰、意大利、立陶宛、荷兰、波兰、葡萄牙、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、英国
2) 非欧盟国家：冰岛、以色列、挪威、俄罗斯联邦、瑞士
分析单位
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个人
总体
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所有年龄在15岁及以上、居住在私人家庭中的个人，无论其国籍、公民身份、语言或法律地位，在参与国家。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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抽样程序因国家而异。请参阅“文档报告”，其中包含有关23个国家抽样程序详细信息的文档部分。
数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]
研究工具
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奥地利 - 德语结构化问卷
比利时 - 荷兰语、法语结构化问卷
捷克共和国 - 捷克语结构化问卷
爱沙尼亚 - 爱沙尼亚语、俄语结构化问卷
芬兰 - 芬兰语、瑞典语结构化问卷
法国 - 法语结构化问卷
德国 - 德语结构化问卷
匈牙利 - 匈牙利语结构化问卷
冰岛 - 冰岛语结构化问卷
爱尔兰 - 英语结构化问卷（我们曾制作了本地化的波兰语调查，但所有波兰家庭均使用英语参与调查）
以色列 - 希伯来语、阿拉伯语和俄语结构化问卷
意大利 - 意大利语结构化问卷
立陶宛 - 立陶宛语和俄语结构化问卷
荷兰 - 荷兰语结构化问卷
挪威 - 挪威语结构化问卷
波兰 - 波兰语结构化问卷
葡萄牙 - 葡萄牙语结构化问卷
俄罗斯联邦 - 俄语结构化问卷
斯洛文尼亚 - 斯洛文尼亚语结构化问卷
瑞典 - 瑞典语结构化问卷
西班牙 - 西班牙语和加泰罗尼亚语结构化问卷
瑞士 - 德语/瑞士德语、法语、意大利语结构化问卷
英国 - 英语结构化问卷
回应率
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回应率因国家而异。请参阅“文档报告”，其中包含有关23个国家回应率详细信息的文档部分。