Deconvoluting global cytokine signaling networks in natural killer cells [ATAC-seq]

Cytokine signaling via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins is crucial for optimal antiviral responses of natural killer (NK) cells. However, the pleiotropic effects of both cytokine and STAT signaling preclude the ability to precisely attribute molecular changes to either source. In this study, we employ a multi-“omics” approach to deconstruct and rebuild the complex interaction of three major STAT signaling pathways in NK cells. We uncover a global STAT4-STAT5 cooperative axis that is distinct and sometimes antagonistic to the STAT1 axis. We generate a network of STAT targets that highlights an integrated negative feedback loop, and demonstrate distinct STAT modes of epigenetic regulation. Finally, we identify shared signatures between mouse in vitro profiles and profiles from viral infection and humans, highlighting clinically translatable targets. Overall, we begin to unravel the intricate crosstalk between cytokine signaling pathways, and offer a valuable resource for improving cellular immunotherapy. Overall design: ATAC-seq was performed on ex-vivo NK cells stimulated with various cytokine combinations.