Glutamine deprivation facilitates pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma metastasis

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most malignant tumors because of its high metastatic ability. The glutamine-deficient microenvironment contributes to PDAC metastasis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Gln deficiency in tumor progression is a long-term outcome, and PDAC cells proliferate within these microenvironments. We thus generated -QQ PANC-1 cells, which were cultured in the glutamine-deprivation medium for three months. -QQ cells were compared with parental PANC-1 cells in this project.